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Anatomy > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

functions of skeletal system

A

support of body
protection of internal organs
levers for skeletal muscles to act
production of blood cells through bone marrow
storage of minerals

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2
Q

bone composition

A

composite material
- 70% calcium phosphate crystals (inorganic)
- 30% collagen fibres (organic)
remodels under influence of forces

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3
Q

calcium phosphate

A

strong but inflexible
ability to resist compressive stress

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4
Q

collagen

A

tough + flexible
ability to resist stretching, bending, + twisting stresses

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5
Q

anisotropic

A

bone (and wood) has different strength and hardness properties depending on its orientation
→ properties are different in different planes

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6
Q

mesenchymal cells

A

stem cells
undifferentiated

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7
Q

osteoprogenitor cells

A

stem cells - unspecialized mesenchymal cells
found in outer + inner layers of bone
differentiate into more specialized bone cells → osteoblasts
important role in fracture repair

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8
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone cells derived from osteoprogenitor cells
secrete osteoid
‘bone-producing cells’

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9
Q

osteocytes

A

osteoblasts that become trapped in hard bony tissue
mature bone cells
monitor + maintain protein levels + mineral contents of bony matrix

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10
Q

osteoclasts

A

large multinucleated bone cells
derived from precursor blood cells
secrete acids that erode bony matrix for release of amino acids + minerals in body fluids (blood)

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11
Q

osteiod

A

collageous material secreted from osteoblasts
unmineralized bone → will mineralize (calcify) to become bone

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12
Q

compact bone

A

relatively dense + solid
mainly found in diaphyses of long bones

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13
Q

spongy (trabecular) bone

A

open network of struts + plates
composed of trabeculae
interior bone tissue of short, flat, + irregular bones; epiphyses in long bones

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14
Q

endosteum

A

single layer of osteoblasts + fibrous tissue
inner layer (deeper tissue) lining medullary cavity

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15
Q

periosteum

A

single layer of osteoblasts + fibrous tissue
top outer layer (transparent)

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16
Q

medullary cavity

A

yellow marrow (adipocytes - fat)
+ red marrow (mature + immature red + white blood cells)

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17
Q

osteon

A

basic functional unit of mature compact bone
made up of Haversian systems: osteocytes organized in concentric layers around a central canal containing blood vessels

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18
Q

lamellae

A

parallel alignment of collagen into sheets to form calcified extracellular matrix
- concentric: concentric rings that form osteons
- circumferential: rings that line inner + outer surfaces of compact bone
- interstitial: areas of incomplete lamellae between osteons

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19
Q

lacunae

A

cavities between lamellae that contain osteocytes

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20
Q

trabeculae

A

irregular lattice arrangement of lamellae that surround red bone marrow

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21
Q

cartilage

A

type of connective tissue
dense network of collagen or elastic fibres

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22
Q

chondroblasts

A

deposit cartilage extracellular matrix
mature into chondrocytes

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23
Q

chondrocytes

A

sit in lacunae
found in cartilage

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24
Q

perichondrium

A

connective tissue covering surface of most cartilage

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25
Q

bone matrix

A

organic osteoid + inorganic hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate + carbonate)

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26
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

develops from fibrous membrane
forms directly in mesenchyme

flat bones of skull + clavicle

  1. ossification centre
  2. calcification of matrix
  3. formation of trabeculae
  4. development of periosteum
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27
Q

ossification centre

A

deep inside membranous tissue
between periosteum and bone; where bone growth occurs
crowding of mesenchymal cells

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28
Q

endochondral ossification

A

bone replaces cartilage
in long bones

condensation of mesenchymal cells
growth
formation of primary + secondary ossification centres

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29
Q

interstitial growth

A

increase bone length
growth from within model

chondrocytes → cell division
secretion of more extracellular matrix

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30
Q

appositional growth

A

increase bone width

development of new chondrocytes from perichondrium → secrete new matrix

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31
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of long bone
site of primary ossification centre

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32
Q

epiphysis

A

ends of long bone
site of secondary ossification centres

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33
Q

metaphysis

A

growth plates
junction between diaphysis and epiphyses where hyaline cartilage persists

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34
Q

resorption

A

local removal of bone + remodeling of bone surface by osteoclasts
decrease of bone width from inside

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35
Q

bone strength

A

orientation of stress influences bone’s ability to resist the stress

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36
Q

compression

A

push two ends together
bone is best at resisting
200 MN/m2 required to break

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37
Q

tension

A

pulling two ends apart
~135 MN/m2 required to break

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38
Q

shear

A

twisting to ends in opposite directions
easiest to break bone
~70 MN/m2 required to break

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39
Q

bone repair

A
  1. fracture hematoma formation
  2. fibrocartilaginous callus formation
  3. bony callus formation
  4. bone remodelling
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40
Q

bone remodeling

A

similar to appositional growth
balance between resorption + deposition of osteoclasts and osteoblasts

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41
Q

bone aging

A

hormonal changes affects balance between osteoblasts + osteoclasts
leads to osteoporosis
↓ ability of strain to resist stress = easier to break

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42
Q

osteoporosis

A

bone loss = low bone density
changes ability of bone to resist stress

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43
Q

long bone

A

ex. humerus

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44
Q

flat bone

A

ex. skull bones
two thin plates of compact bone separated by spongy bone

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45
Q

pneumatized bone

A

ex. ethmoid
air chambers within bone

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46
Q

irregular bone

A

ex. vertebrae

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47
Q

short bone

A

ex. carpal bones

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48
Q

bony features

A

elevations + projections
openings
processes for attachment
processes for articulation
depressions

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49
Q

crest

A

narrow prominent ridge

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50
Q

spine

A

sharp, pointed, narrow process

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51
Q

line

A

slightly raised, elongated, low ridge

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52
Q

trochanter

A

large rough projection
two massive bony processes on femur

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53
Q

tubercle

A

small rounded projection

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54
Q

tuberosity

A

rough projection for attachment of muscles

55
Q

head

A

expanded articular end of an epiphysis

56
Q

neck

A

narrower connection between head and shaft of long bone

57
Q

facet

A

small flat articular surface
smooth, slightly concave or convex

58
Q

condyle

A

smooth, rounded articular process

59
Q

epicondyle

A

bony process superior to condyle

60
Q

trochlea

A

condyle on humerus
shaped like pulley

61
Q

sulcus

A

narrow groove

62
Q

fossa

A

shallow, broad, or elongated depression

63
Q

process

A

pointed, bony projection

64
Q

ramus

A

extension of bone that forms angle with rest of structure

65
Q

sinus

A

cavity in bone

66
Q

canal

A

tubular passage through bone

67
Q

meatus

A

opening of a canal

68
Q

fissure

A

deep furrow, cleft, or slit

69
Q

foramen

A

rounded passage through bone

70
Q

fibrous joints

A

connected by dense connective tissue
allow very little movement

71
Q

suture joint

A

synarthrotic fibrous joint = no movement
joined by sutural ligament

72
Q

syndesmosis

A

amphiarthrotic fibrous joint = small degree of movement
joined by interosseous membrane

73
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

two bones connected by hyaline cartilage

74
Q

synchondrosis

A

primary cartilaginous joint
temporary cartilaginous union between bones
ossifies with age

75
Q

symphysis

A

secondary cartilaginous joint
permanent cartilaginous union between bones

76
Q

synovial joints

A

bones are joined by synovial cavity
contains synovial fluid to decrease friction
allows wide range of motion

77
Q

ball and socket joint

A

motion in all planes

78
Q

hinge joint

A

motion through one plane

79
Q

condylar joint

A

motion through two planes

80
Q

number of bones

A

skeletal system = 206
axial skeleton = 80
- skull = 29
- thoracic cage = 25
- vertebral column = 26
appendicular skeleton = 126

81
Q

axial skeleton functions

A

support + protective framework for internal organs
skull houses special sensory organs
vertebral column + ribs provide extensive attachment for muscles moving head, neck, trunk + limbs
thoracic cage performs movements during respiration

82
Q

neurocranium

A

skull
cranial bones: (1) frontal, (2) parietal, (2) temporal, (1) occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid

83
Q

viscerocranium

A

skull
facial bones: (2) zygomatic, (2) lacrimal, (2) nasal, (2) palatine, (1) vomer, (2) maxilla, (1) mandible

84
Q

skull suture joints

A

coronal = frontal + parietal
lambdoid = parietal + occipital
squamous = temporal + parietal
sagittal = left + right parietal

85
Q

orbit

A

frontal + zygomatic + maxilla
sphenoid = back wall
- superior orbital fissure
- optic canal
ethmoid + lacrimal = medial wall

86
Q

zygomatic arch

A

zygomatic + temporal

87
Q

occipital bone

A

occipital condyles
foramen magnum

88
Q

temporal bone

A

inferior
- carotid canal
- jugular foramen (between t + o bones)

lateral
- mastoid process
- mandibular fossa
- external acoustic meatus

89
Q

sphenoid bone

A

pituitary gland
butterfly shaped
pneumatized bone

90
Q

mandible

A

body
ramus
coronid process
mandibular condyle

91
Q

temporomandibular joint

A

synovial
allows opening of jaw
mandibular fossa (t) + mandibular condyle (m)

92
Q

cavities

A

cranial = brain
orbit = eyeball
nasal = drainage for air sinuses
oral = tongue

93
Q

fontanelle

A

in infant skull = soft spot
membranous tissue between neocranium bones
will ossify to create sutures

94
Q

vertebral column

A

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral = sacrum
2-4 coccygeal = coccyx

95
Q

curvatures

A

primary: thoracic + sacral
secondary: cervical + lumbar

96
Q

vertebrae

A

vertebral body
pedicle (2)
transverse process (2)
spinous process
articular process (2 pairs =4)
vertebral foramen → together = canal (spinal cord + meninges)

97
Q

intervertebral joint

A

intervertebral disc attached between two adjacent vertebrae
secondary cartilaginous joint

annulus fibrosus: outer cartilagenous ring
nucleus pulposus: gelatinous core

98
Q

zygapophyseal joint

A

synovial joint between two adjacent articular processes

99
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

transverse foramen - allows passage of vertebral artery

100
Q

atlas

A

C1
arch

101
Q

axis

A

C2
dens

102
Q

atlanto-occipital joint

A

synovial joint between occipital condyles and C1
allows flexion of head up and down

103
Q

atlanto axial joint

A

synovial joint between C1 and C2
allows head to turn side to side

104
Q

thoracic cage

A

12 pairs of vertebrae→ ribs attach
sternum
costal cartilage - attach ribs to sternum

105
Q

costovertebral joint

A

two synovial joints between thoracic vertebra and associated rib

106
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

large body
increase in size from 1 → 5

107
Q

appendicular skeleton functions

A

daily tasks
adjustment of body posture
mobility of body

108
Q

homologous between upper and lower limbs

A

pectoral/pelvic girdle
arm/thigh
forearm/leg
hand/foot

109
Q

upper limb

A

pectoral girdle: scapula + clavicle
arm: humerus
forearm: ulna + radius
hand: carpal bones, metacarpals, phalanges

110
Q

scapula

A

3 borders: vertebral (medial), axillary (lateral), superior
anterior: subscapular fossa
posterior: scapular spine, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa
acromion
coracoid process
glenoid fossa

111
Q

clavicle

A

s-shaped
sternal end forms sternoclavicular joint
acromial end forms acromioclavicular joint

both joints are synovial

112
Q

humerus

A

head
greater + lesser tubercles
intertubercular sulcus
deltoid tuberosity
medial + lateral epicondyles
trochlea (medial condyle)
capitulum (lateral condyle)
olecranon fossa

113
Q

ulna

A

trochlear notch
coronid process
olecranon
ulnar styloid process

114
Q

radius

A

radial head
radial tuberosity
radial styloid process

115
Q

carpal bones

A

scaphoid
lunate
triquetrum
pisiform
trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
hamate

5 metacarpals
14 phalanx

116
Q

scapulothoracic joint

A

scapula is only attached to thoracic wall by muscle (not actual joint)
clavicle links acromion and sternum

movements:
- elevation/depression (shrug shoulders)
- retraction/protraction

117
Q

glenohumeral joint

A

ball + socket
weak joint capsule → reinforced by rotator cuff (4 shoulder muscles)

118
Q

elbow joint

A

2 joints
- humeroulnar joint: hinge between trochlea and trochlear notch → allows flexion/extension
- humeroradial joint: condylar between capitulum + radial head → allows pronation/supination

119
Q

forearm interosseous membrane

A

fibrous joint between ulna and radius
prevents separation
muscle attachment

120
Q

wrist joint

A

more than one
main: condylar joint between radius and scaphoid
allows flexion/extension + abduction/adduction of hand

121
Q

thumb joint

A

saddle-shaped
between trapezium + 1st metacarpal
allows for opposition of thumb

122
Q

lower limb

A

pelvic girdle: L+R ossa coxae + sacrum
thigh: femur
leg: tibia + fibula
foot: tarsal bones, metatarsals, phalanges

123
Q

os coxae

A

ilium
- iliac crest
- anterior superior iliac spine
- iliac fossa
- greater sciatic notch
- auricular surface

ischium
- ischial spine
- ischial tuberosity

pubis
- pubic symphysis

acetabulum

124
Q

femur

A

head
neck
greater + lesser trochanter
intertrochanteric line
gluteal tuberosity
linea aspera
medial + lateral condyles
patellar surface

125
Q

tibia

A

medial + lateral condyles
tibial tuberosity
medial malleolus

126
Q

fibula

A

fibular head
lateral malleolus

127
Q

tarsal bones

A

calcaneous
talus
navicular
cuboid
cuneiforms (3)

5 metatarsals
14 phalanx

128
Q

hip joint

A

ball + socket
reinforced anteriorly by iliofemoral ligament

129
Q

knee joint

A

largest synovial
hinge
allows flexion + extension of leg

quadriceps tendon (patella + quadriceps femoris)
patellar ligament (patella + tibia)
meniscus

130
Q

knee ligaments

A

lateral + medial collateral ligaments
anterior + posterior cruciate ligaments
lateral + medial menisci

131
Q

leg interosseous membrane

A

fibrous joint between tibia + fibula
prevents separation

132
Q

ankle joint

A

hinge between tibia + talus
allows plantarflexion + dorsiflexion of foot

133
Q

foot joint

A

condylar
between talus + navicular
allows inversion/eversion of foot

Anatomy (14 decks)

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