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Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

functions of skeletal system

A

support of body
protection of internal organs
levers for skeletal muscles to act
production of blood cells through bone marrow
storage of minerals

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2
Q

bone composition

A

composite material
- 70% calcium phosphate crystals (inorganic)
- 30% collagen fibres (organic)
remodels under influence of forces

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3
Q

calcium phosphate

A

strong but inflexible
ability to resist compressive stress

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4
Q

collagen

A

tough + flexible
ability to resist stretching, bending, + twisting stresses

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5
Q

anisotropic

A

bone (and wood) has different strength and hardness properties depending on its orientation
→ properties are different in different planes

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6
Q

mesenchymal cells

A

stem cells
undifferentiated

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7
Q

osteoprogenitor cells

A

stem cells - unspecialized mesenchymal cells
found in outer + inner layers of bone
differentiate into more specialized bone cells → osteoblasts
important role in fracture repair

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8
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone cells derived from osteoprogenitor cells
secrete osteoid
‘bone-producing cells’

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9
Q

osteocytes

A

osteoblasts that become trapped in hard bony tissue
mature bone cells
monitor + maintain protein levels + mineral contents of bony matrix

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10
Q

osteoclasts

A

large multinucleated bone cells
derived from precursor blood cells
secrete acids that erode bony matrix for release of amino acids + minerals in body fluids (blood)

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11
Q

osteiod

A

collageous material secreted from osteoblasts
unmineralized bone → will mineralize (calcify) to become bone

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12
Q

compact bone

A

relatively dense + solid
mainly found in diaphyses of long bones

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13
Q

spongy (trabecular) bone

A

open network of struts + plates
composed of trabeculae
interior bone tissue of short, flat, + irregular bones; epiphyses in long bones

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14
Q

endosteum

A

single layer of osteoblasts + fibrous tissue
inner layer (deeper tissue) lining medullary cavity

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15
Q

periosteum

A

single layer of osteoblasts + fibrous tissue
top outer layer (transparent)

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16
Q

medullary cavity

A

yellow marrow (adipocytes - fat)
+ red marrow (mature + immature red + white blood cells)

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17
Q

osteon

A

basic functional unit of mature compact bone
made up of Haversian systems: osteocytes organized in concentric layers around a central canal containing blood vessels

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18
Q

lamellae

A

parallel alignment of collagen into sheets to form calcified extracellular matrix
- concentric: concentric rings that form osteons
- circumferential: rings that line inner + outer surfaces of compact bone
- interstitial: areas of incomplete lamellae between osteons

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19
Q

lacunae

A

cavities between lamellae that contain osteocytes

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20
Q

trabeculae

A

irregular lattice arrangement of lamellae that surround red bone marrow

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21
Q

cartilage

A

type of connective tissue
dense network of collagen or elastic fibres

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22
Q

chondroblasts

A

deposit cartilage extracellular matrix
mature into chondrocytes

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23
Q

chondrocytes

A

sit in lacunae
found in cartilage

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24
Q

perichondrium

A

connective tissue covering surface of most cartilage

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25
bone matrix
organic osteoid + inorganic hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate + carbonate)
26
intramembranous ossification
develops from fibrous membrane forms directly in mesenchyme flat bones of skull + clavicle 1. ossification centre 2. calcification of matrix 3. formation of trabeculae 4. development of periosteum
27
ossification centre
deep inside membranous tissue between periosteum and bone; where bone growth occurs crowding of mesenchymal cells
28
endochondral ossification
bone replaces cartilage in long bones condensation of mesenchymal cells growth formation of primary + secondary ossification centres
29
interstitial growth
increase bone length growth from within model chondrocytes → cell division secretion of more extracellular matrix
30
appositional growth
increase bone width development of new chondrocytes from perichondrium → secrete new matrix
31
diaphysis
shaft of long bone site of primary ossification centre
32
epiphysis
ends of long bone site of secondary ossification centres
33
metaphysis
growth plates junction between diaphysis and epiphyses where hyaline cartilage persists
34
resorption
local removal of bone + remodeling of bone surface by osteoclasts decrease of bone width from inside
35
bone strength
orientation of stress influences bone's ability to resist the stress
36
compression
push two ends together bone is best at resisting 200 MN/m2 required to break
37
tension
pulling two ends apart ~135 MN/m2 required to break
38
shear
twisting to ends in opposite directions easiest to break bone ~70 MN/m2 required to break
39
bone repair
1. fracture hematoma formation 2. fibrocartilaginous callus formation 3. bony callus formation 4. bone remodelling
40
bone remodeling
similar to appositional growth balance between resorption + deposition of osteoclasts and osteoblasts
41
bone aging
hormonal changes affects balance between osteoblasts + osteoclasts leads to osteoporosis ↓ ability of strain to resist stress = easier to break
42
osteoporosis
bone loss = low bone density changes ability of bone to resist stress
43
long bone
ex. humerus
44
flat bone
ex. skull bones two thin plates of compact bone separated by spongy bone
45
pneumatized bone
ex. ethmoid air chambers within bone
46
irregular bone
ex. vertebrae
47
short bone
ex. carpal bones
48
bony features
elevations + projections openings processes for attachment processes for articulation depressions
49
crest
narrow prominent ridge
50
spine
sharp, pointed, narrow process
51
line
slightly raised, elongated, low ridge
52
trochanter
large rough projection two massive bony processes on femur
53
tubercle
small rounded projection
54
tuberosity
rough projection for attachment of muscles
55
head
expanded articular end of an epiphysis
56
neck
narrower connection between head and shaft of long bone
57
facet
small flat articular surface smooth, slightly concave or convex
58
condyle
smooth, rounded articular process
59
epicondyle
bony process superior to condyle
60
trochlea
condyle on humerus shaped like pulley
61
sulcus
narrow groove
62
fossa
shallow, broad, or elongated depression
63
process
pointed, bony projection
64
ramus
extension of bone that forms angle with rest of structure
65
sinus
cavity in bone
66
canal
tubular passage through bone
67
meatus
opening of a canal
68
fissure
deep furrow, cleft, or slit
69
foramen
rounded passage through bone
70
fibrous joints
connected by dense connective tissue allow very little movement
71
suture joint
synarthrotic fibrous joint = no movement joined by sutural ligament
72
syndesmosis
amphiarthrotic fibrous joint = small degree of movement joined by interosseous membrane
73
cartilaginous joints
two bones connected by hyaline cartilage
74
synchondrosis
primary cartilaginous joint temporary cartilaginous union between bones ossifies with age
75
symphysis
secondary cartilaginous joint permanent cartilaginous union between bones
76
synovial joints
bones are joined by synovial cavity contains synovial fluid to decrease friction allows wide range of motion
77
ball and socket joint
motion in all planes
78
hinge joint
motion through one plane
79
condylar joint
motion through two planes
80
number of bones
skeletal system = 206 axial skeleton = 80 - skull = 29 - thoracic cage = 25 - vertebral column = 26 appendicular skeleton = 126
81
axial skeleton functions
support + protective framework for internal organs skull houses special sensory organs vertebral column + ribs provide extensive attachment for muscles moving head, neck, trunk + limbs thoracic cage performs movements during respiration
82
neurocranium
skull cranial bones: (1) frontal, (2) parietal, (2) temporal, (1) occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid
83
viscerocranium
skull facial bones: (2) zygomatic, (2) lacrimal, (2) nasal, (2) palatine, (1) vomer, (2) maxilla, (1) mandible
84
skull suture joints
coronal = frontal + parietal lambdoid = parietal + occipital squamous = temporal + parietal sagittal = left + right parietal
85
orbit
frontal + zygomatic + maxilla sphenoid = back wall - superior orbital fissure - optic canal ethmoid + lacrimal = medial wall
86
zygomatic arch
zygomatic + temporal
87
occipital bone
occipital condyles foramen magnum
88
temporal bone
inferior - carotid canal - jugular foramen (between t + o bones) lateral - mastoid process - mandibular fossa - external acoustic meatus
89
sphenoid bone
pituitary gland butterfly shaped pneumatized bone
90
mandible
body ramus coronid process mandibular condyle
91
temporomandibular joint
synovial allows opening of jaw mandibular fossa (t) + mandibular condyle (m)
92
cavities
cranial = brain orbit = eyeball nasal = drainage for air sinuses oral = tongue
93
fontanelle
in infant skull = soft spot membranous tissue between neocranium bones will ossify to create sutures
94
vertebral column
7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral = sacrum 2-4 coccygeal = coccyx
95
curvatures
primary: thoracic + sacral secondary: cervical + lumbar
96
vertebrae
vertebral body pedicle (2) transverse process (2) spinous process articular process (2 pairs =4) vertebral foramen → together = canal (spinal cord + meninges)
97
intervertebral joint
intervertebral disc attached between two adjacent vertebrae secondary cartilaginous joint annulus fibrosus: outer cartilagenous ring nucleus pulposus: gelatinous core
98
zygapophyseal joint
synovial joint between two adjacent articular processes
99
cervical vertebrae
transverse foramen - allows passage of vertebral artery
100
atlas
C1 arch
101
axis
C2 dens
102
atlanto-occipital joint
synovial joint between occipital condyles and C1 allows flexion of head up and down
103
atlanto axial joint
synovial joint between C1 and C2 allows head to turn side to side
104
thoracic cage
12 pairs of vertebrae→ ribs attach sternum costal cartilage - attach ribs to sternum
105
costovertebral joint
two synovial joints between thoracic vertebra and associated rib
106
lumbar vertebrae
large body increase in size from 1 → 5
107
appendicular skeleton functions
daily tasks adjustment of body posture mobility of body
108
homologous between upper and lower limbs
pectoral/pelvic girdle arm/thigh forearm/leg hand/foot
109
upper limb
pectoral girdle: scapula + clavicle arm: humerus forearm: ulna + radius hand: carpal bones, metacarpals, phalanges
110
scapula
3 borders: vertebral (medial), axillary (lateral), superior anterior: subscapular fossa posterior: scapular spine, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa acromion coracoid process glenoid fossa
111
clavicle
s-shaped sternal end forms sternoclavicular joint acromial end forms acromioclavicular joint both joints are synovial
112
humerus
head greater + lesser tubercles intertubercular sulcus deltoid tuberosity medial + lateral epicondyles trochlea (medial condyle) capitulum (lateral condyle) olecranon fossa
113
ulna
trochlear notch coronid process olecranon ulnar styloid process
114
radius
radial head radial tuberosity radial styloid process
115
carpal bones
scaphoid lunate triquetrum pisiform trapezium trapezoid capitate hamate 5 metacarpals 14 phalanx
116
scapulothoracic joint
scapula is only attached to thoracic wall by muscle (not actual joint) clavicle links acromion and sternum movements: - elevation/depression (shrug shoulders) - retraction/protraction
117
glenohumeral joint
ball + socket weak joint capsule → reinforced by rotator cuff (4 shoulder muscles)
118
elbow joint
2 joints - humeroulnar joint: hinge between trochlea and trochlear notch → allows flexion/extension - humeroradial joint: condylar between capitulum + radial head → allows pronation/supination
119
forearm interosseous membrane
fibrous joint between ulna and radius prevents separation muscle attachment
120
wrist joint
more than one main: condylar joint between radius and scaphoid allows flexion/extension + abduction/adduction of hand
121
thumb joint
saddle-shaped between trapezium + 1st metacarpal allows for opposition of thumb
122
lower limb
pelvic girdle: L+R ossa coxae + sacrum thigh: femur leg: tibia + fibula foot: tarsal bones, metatarsals, phalanges
123
os coxae
ilium - iliac crest - anterior superior iliac spine - iliac fossa - greater sciatic notch - auricular surface ischium - ischial spine - ischial tuberosity pubis - pubic symphysis acetabulum
124
femur
head neck greater + lesser trochanter intertrochanteric line gluteal tuberosity linea aspera medial + lateral condyles patellar surface
125
tibia
medial + lateral condyles tibial tuberosity medial malleolus
126
fibula
fibular head lateral malleolus
127
tarsal bones
calcaneous talus navicular cuboid cuneiforms (3) 5 metatarsals 14 phalanx
128
hip joint
ball + socket reinforced anteriorly by iliofemoral ligament
129
knee joint
largest synovial hinge allows flexion + extension of leg quadriceps tendon (patella + quadriceps femoris) patellar ligament (patella + tibia) meniscus
130
knee ligaments
lateral + medial collateral ligaments anterior + posterior cruciate ligaments lateral + medial menisci
131
leg interosseous membrane
fibrous joint between tibia + fibula prevents separation
132
ankle joint
hinge between tibia + talus allows plantarflexion + dorsiflexion of foot
133
foot joint
condylar between talus + navicular allows inversion/eversion of foot

Anatomy (14 decks)

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