Muscles Flashcards
levator palpebrae superioris
innervation: CN III
attachments: upper eyelid + sphenoid bone
action: elevation of upper eyelid
superior + inferior rectus
CN III
attaches to sup + inf part of eyeball
sup: pairs with inf oblique to move eyeball up
inf: pairs with sup oblique to move eyeball down
medial rectus
CN III
attaches to eyeball
moves eyeball towards nose (medially)
lateral rectus
CN VI
attaches to eyeball
moves eyeball towards ear (laterally)
inferior oblique
CN III
pairs with sup rectus to move eyeball up
superior oblique
CN IV
pairs with inf rectus to move eyeball down
temporalis
fan-shaped muscle on lateral surface of head (near temple)
CN V
att: temporal fossa + mandible (coronoid process)
crosses TMJ
fibres converge towards zygomatic arch
elevation of mandible
masseter
side of face
CN V
att: zygomatic arch + mandible (ramus)
fibres descend obliquely
elevation of mandible
medial pterygoid
deep to mandible (inferatemporal fossa)
CN V
att: sphenoid bone + mandible (ramus)
elevation of mandible
lateral pterygoid
deep to mandible (inferatemporal fossa)
CN V
att: sphenoid bone + mandible (condyle)
depression + lateral movement of mandible
orbicularis oculi
sphincter surrounding eye
CN VII
att: skin of eyelid
closes eyelid (centre = blink; outside = forceful close)
orbicularis oris
sphincter surrounding mouth + lips
CN VII
att: skin of lips
closes + purses lips
platysma
anterior neck
CN VII
att: skin of neck
tenses skin of neck
occipitofrontalis (frontal belly)
forehead
CN VII
att: skin of forehead
raises eyebrows + wrinkles forehead
buccinator
within cheek
CN VII
att: maxilla, mandible + modiolus
tenses cheek, suction
tensor + levator veli palatini
CN X
tenses + elevates soft palate during swallowing
pharyngeal constrictors
CN X
superior, middle, + inferior constrictor
constriction of pharynx
palatoglossus
CN XII
att: soft palate
control position of tongue
styloglossus
CN XII
att: styloid process (temporal bone)
control position of tongue
hyoglossus
CN XII
att: hyoid bone
control position of tongue
genioglossus
CN XII
att: inner chin of mandible
control position of tongue
mylohyoid (suprahyoid)
floor of mouth
att: mandible + hyoid bone
tenses floor of mouth during swallowing
digastric (suprahyoid)
in neck - splits into 2 bellies
att: temporal bone, mandible + hyoid bone
assists in depression of mandible to open mouth wide
infrahyoid muscles
thyrohyoid, omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid,
pull down hyoid bone
sternocleidomastoid
neck (flexor)
att: sternum + clavicle + mastoid process
turns head to opposite side of contraction
(atlanto-axial joint)
longus capitis
prevertebral muscle
crosses atlanto-occipital joint
flexion of neck + head
longus colli
prevertebral muscle
closer to midline
flexion of neck
scalene muscles
neck (flexors)
att: C2-C6 + ribs 1-2
lateral flexors of neck + elevators of ribs 1-2
transversospinal group
attach to transverse + spinous processes of vertebrae
delicate adjustments at zygapophyseal joints of vertebrae
multifidus
semispinalis:
- capitis
- cervicis
- thoracis
erector spinae
large bulk of muscle on either side of vertebral column
extension, lateral flexion, + rotation of v.colum
3 sections
iliocostalis
lateral erector spinae
cervicis, thoracis, lumborum
longissimus
middle erector spinae
capitis, cervicis, thoracis
spinalis
medial erector spinae
capitis, cervicis, thoracis
intercostal muscles
external → elevation of ribs in inhalation
internal → depression of ribs in exhalation
innermost
rectus abdominis
flexors of trunk
external oblique
flexion + rotation of trunk
internal oblique
flexion + rotation of trunk
transversus abdominis
deepest layer
important for increasing intra-abdominal pressure
diaphragm
divides thorax and abdomen
sternal, costal, lumbar parts converge on a central tendon
innervated by phrenic nerve (C3-C5)
levator ani
pelvic diaphragm
supports pelvic organs, resists intra-abdominal pressure
coccygeus
back of pelvic diaphragm
att: ischial spine + coccyx
supports pelvic viscera + resists intra-abdominal pressure
external urethral sphincter
att: bladder
regulates urethral opening
more developed in males
external anal sphincter
around anal aperture
regulates anal opening
ischicavernosus
lateral
surrounds erectile tissue
bulbospongiosus
medial
surrounds erectile tissue
trapezius
innervated by CN XI
att: vertebral column, occipital bone + scapular spine
multiple fibre orientations = multiple actions
scapula elevation, retraction, depression
levator scapulae
att: cervical vertebrae + vertebral border (scapula)
elevator of scapula
rhomboids
major + minor
att: vertebral column + vertebral border (scapula)
retractor of scapula - fibres aligned with spine
serratus anterior
att: ribs + vertebral border (scapula)
protractor of scapula
pectoralis major
cross shoulder joint anteriorly
fan-shaped = convergent muscle
att: sternum, ribs, clavicle + humerus
arm adductor, flexor, + medial rotator
deltoideus
multipennate
crosses shoulder joint:
- anteriorly
att: acromion, clavicle
arm flexor + medial rotator
- laterally
att: deltoid tuberosity (humerus)
arm abductor - posteriorly
att: scapular spine
arm extensor + lateral rotator
latissimus dorsi
cross shoulder joint anteriorly + inferiorly
att: vertebral column + intertubercular groove (humerus)
arm retractor, extensor, adductor, + medial rotator
subscapularis
cross shoulder joint anteriorly
att: subscapular fossa + lesser tubercle (humerus)
arm medial rotator
part of rotator cuff
supraspinatus
cross shoulder joint superiorly
att: supraspinous fossa + greater tubercle (humerus)
arm abductor
part of rotator cuff
infraspinatus
cross shoulder joint posteriorly
att: infraspinous fossa + greater tubercle (humerus)
arm lateral rotator
part of rotator cuff
teres minor
cross shoulder joint posteriorly
att: axial border (scapula) + greater tubercle (humerus)
arm lateral rotator
part of rotator cuff
teres major
cross shoulder joint anteriorly
att: scapula (inferior angle) + intertubercular groove (humerus)
arm extensor, adductor, + medial rotator
synergist - latissimus dorsi
rotator cuff
group of muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor) that insert over shoulder joint
when arm is abducted → rotates so no muscle is anterior = easy to dislocate
biceps brachii
cross elbow joint anteriorly
(also crosses shoulder joint)
att: radial tuberosity + scapula
forearm supinator, flexor (when supinated)
arm flexor
brachialis
cross elbow joint anteriorly
att: humerus + coronoid process (ulna)
main forearm flexor
brachioradialis
cross elbow joint laterally
att: humerus + radial styloid process
forearm flexor (in mid-pronated position)
triceps brachii
3 heads - long + lateral, medial
cross elbow joint posteriorly
att: olecranon (ulna) + humerus
forearm extensor = antagonist
flexor carpi radialis
cross wrist joint anteriorly
att: medial epicondyle (humerus) + 2nd metacarpal (radial side of hand)
hand flexor + abductor
superficial
palmaris longus
cross wrist joint anteriorly
att: medial epicondyle (humerus)
weak hand flexor
superficial
flexor carpi ulnaris
cross wrist joint anteriorly
att: medial epicondyle (humerus) + 5th metacarpal, pisiform, hamate (ulnar side of hand)
hand flexor + adductor
superficial
flexor retinaculum
strong fibrous band forming roof of carpal tunnel
bridges over carpal bones
extensor carpi radialis longus + brevis
cross wrist joint posteriorly
att: lateral epicondyle (humerus) + metacarpals (2,3)
hand extensor + abductor
extensor carpi ulnaris
cross wrist joint posteriorly
att: lateral epicondyle (humerus) + 5th metacarpal
hand extensor + adductor
flexor digitorum superficialis
cross wrist joint anteriorly
att: medial epicondyle (humerus) + middle phalanges (digits 2, 3, 4, 5)
finger flexor
flexor digitorum profundus
cross wrist joint anteriorly
att: ulna + distal phalanges
finger flexor (digits 2,3,4,5)
flexor pollicis longus
cross wrist joint anteriorly
att: distal phalanx of thumb
thumb (pollex) flexor
extensor digitorum + extensor digiti minimi
cross wrist joint posteriorly
att: lateral epicondyle (humerus) + distal phalanges
finger extensors (digits 2,3,4,5)
minimi = digit 5
extensors + abductor for thumb
cross wrist joint posteriorly
att: distal phalanx + base of thumb
thumb (pollex) extensor + abductor
palmar interossei
3
in between metacarpals (anterior = palm)
finger adductors (digits 2,4,5)
= bring towards digit 3
lumbricals
4
in between metacarpals (anterior = palm)
finger extensors (digits 2,3,4,5)
small motor units (almost 1:1 → gauge force)
dorsal interossei
4
deep in between metacarpals (posterior)
finger abductors (digits 2,3,4)
middle finger has 2 → move side to side
(little finger has own abductor)
adductor pollicis
anterior (palm)
thumb adductor (thumb to palm)
thenar muscles
- flexor pollicis brevis
- opponens pollicis
- abductor pollicis brevis
important for opposition of thumb
in palm (anterior)
gluteus maximus
cross hip joint posteriorly
att: gluteal tuberosity (femur) + sacrum
thigh extensor + lateral rotator
(powerful extension ex. running/climbing)
gluteus medius
cross hip joint laterally
att: greater trochanter (femur) + ilium
thigh abductor + medial rotator
gluteus minimus
cross hip joint laterally
att: greater trochanter (femur) + ilium
thigh abductor + medial rotator
iliopsoas
cross hip joint anteriorly (on top of pubis)
att: iliac fossa, T12-L5 + lesser trochanter (femur)
thigh flexor + flexes/abducts hip
adductor muscle group
magnus, longus, + brevis
cross hip joint medially
att: linea aspera (femur) + pubis
thigh adductor, flexor, and medial rotator
quadriceps femoris
3 vasti: vastus lateralis, medialis, + intermedius - femur
rectus femoris - hip bone
crosses knee joint (via quadricep tendon → patella)
att: femur + tibial tuberosity (via patellar tendon)
leg extensor + thigh flexor (rectus femoris)
sartorius
obliquely across anterior thigh
crosses hip (laterally) + knee joint (medially)
att: hip (ant. sup. iliac spine) + tibia
thigh + leg flexor
biceps femoris
lateral hamstring - two heads
crosses knee joint + hip joint posteriorly
att: ischial tuberosity/linea aspera + fibular head
leg flexor (knee) + thigh extensor (hip)
semitendinosus
middle hamstring - becomes long tendon
crosses knee joint + hip joint posteriorly
att: ischial tuberosity + tibia
leg flexor (knee) + thigh extensor (hip)
semimebranosus
medial hamstring - two bellies
crosses knee joint + hip joint posteriorly
att: ischial tuberosity + tibia
leg flexor (knee) + thigh extensor (hip)
gastrocnemius
calf - two heads
crosses ankle joint posteriorly
att: medial + lateral condyle of femur + calcaneus (posterior tubercle)
foot plantarflexor
soleus
calf
crosses ankle joint posteriorly
att: tibia, fibula + calcaneus (post. tubercle)
foot plantarflexor
calcaneal tendon
Achilles tendon
crosses ankle joint posteriorly
formed by gastrocnemius + soleus
tibialis anterior
crosses ankle joint anteriorly
att: tibia (lateral condyle) + medial cuneiform (between talus + navicular)
foot dorsiflexor + inverter
peroneus (fibularis) longus + brevis
crosses ankle joint laterally + posteriorly
att: fibula + 5th metatarsal
foot plantarflexor + everter
toe extensors
anterior leg
extensor digitorum longus → digits 2,3,4,5
extensor hallucis longus → big toe (hallux)
toe flexors
cross ankle joint posteriorly → sole of foot
flexor digitorum longus → digits 2,3,4,5
flexor hallucis longus → big toe (hallux)
flexor digitorum brevis → digits 2,3,4,5 (in sole of foot)
