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Anatomy > female reproductive system > Flashcards

female reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

reproductive system

A

not necessary for individual survival but is for species survival
stores, nourishes, + transports functional male and female gametes
becomes functional at puberty
hormones can affect other systems as well

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2
Q

gametes

A

reproductive cells
females: ovum
males: sperm

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3
Q

functions of female repro system

A

production of ova and sex hormones
reception of male gametes
site for fertilization + preparation each month
transport of fertilized zygote to uterus
site of development of embryo + fetus
mechanism for copulation + parturition
provision of nutrition for newborn

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4
Q

ovaries

A

gonads
produce ovum (1 released each month)
release sex hormones - estrogen + progesterone
stabilized by 3 ligaments (mesovarium, ovarian ligaments, + suspensory ligaments)

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5
Q

reproductive tract

A

uterine tubes + uterus
(ovaries are not directly attached)

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6
Q

uterine tubes (+ 4 parts)

A

fallopian tubes
transport of ovum and site of fertilization

infundibulum = funnel of tube → has fimbriae (projections) to sweep up ovum
ampulla = enlargement (ideal site of fertilization)
isthmus = narrowing of tube
intramural = where tube enters uterus

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7
Q

uterus

A

implantation and development of fetus
menstrual cycle if no fertilization occurs

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8
Q

accessory glands

A

pituitary gland: stimulates oogenesis + ovulation
mammary glands: nutrition of newborn

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9
Q

vagina

A

organ of copulation
common pathway for birth canal
separate from urinary pathway

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10
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

lines peritoneal cavity = separation of abdominal and pelvic cavities
all pelvic organs are retroperitoneal

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11
Q

pelvic cavity

A

pubic symphysis + sacrum

incomplete separation from abdominal cavity
2 openings in parietal peritoneum at the uterine tubes (where they meet ovaries)

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12
Q

vesicouterine pouch

A

peritoneal space between bladder and uterus

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13
Q

rectouterine pouch

A

peritoneal space between rectum and uterus

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14
Q

vestibule

A

entrance to urogenital area
between labia minora
urethra + vagina are separate tracts

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15
Q

vaginal canal

A

2 fornices on either side of cervix
in a physical exam, can be used to detect any internal issues

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16
Q

cervix

A

opening of uterus
prevents anything from entering uterus from vaginal canal

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17
Q

broad ligament

A

parietal peritoneum over female reproductive organs
thickening of peritoneum → two layers around uterus = mesentery

3 areas → uterine tubes, ovaries, uterus

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18
Q

mesosalpinx

A

mesentery over uterine tubes

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19
Q

mesovarium

A

mesentery over ovaries

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20
Q

mesometrium

A

mesentery over uterus

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21
Q

supporting ligaments

A

thickening of peritoneum
prevents movement of structures
anchoring of uterus in all directions

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22
Q

uterosacral ligament

A

anchors uterus to sacrum
(posterior abdominal wall)

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23
Q

ovarian ligament

A

anchors ovaries to uterus (R + L)
no vasculature

24
Q

transverse ligament

A

either side of uterus to body wall
contains uterine vessels = main vasculature to uterus

25
Q

round ligament

A

from uterus to iguinal canal
anterior body wall
some innervation + vasc

remnant of development → what would have carried gonads towards outside (scrotum in males)

26
Q

suspensory ligament

A

ovaries (not uterus)
from abdominal aorta to ovary
carries ovarian vessels = lots of vasc

27
Q

sex hormones

A

produced by ovaries
regulate functions of repro and other systems
generate secondary sex characteristics
generate sex drive
stimulate growth + metabolism through body
influence brain development

28
Q

oogenesis

A

production of oocytes
begins during fetal development
dormant until puberty
ends at menopause

29
Q

mitosis of oogonium

A

DNA replication
oogonia → primary oocyte
completed before birth

30
Q

meiosis I

A

begins before birth
within primordial follicle
suspended in stage until puberty
completed due to FSH stimulation

31
Q

follicle maturation

A

FSH stimulates completion of meiosis I at puberty
uneven division of cytoplasm = secondary oocyte + polar body

32
Q

meiosis II

A

begins in mature follicle
LH stimulates ovulation = release of secondary oocyte
completed only if fertilization occurs = ovum + second polar body

33
Q

ovarian cycle

A

monthly series of events associated with maturation of oocyte
follicular + luteal stages

34
Q

follicular stage

A

primordial follicle (at birth) → primary follicle → secondary follicle → mature follicle

35
Q

primordial follicle

A

oogonia (germ cell) → primary oocytes in cortex of ovary before birth
primary oocyte + single layer of follicle cells (simple squamous = granulosa cells)

multiple primordial follicles enter development at same time each month after puberty

36
Q

primary follicle

A

FSH stimulates development (regulated by GnRH)
primary oocyte grows in size
surrounding cells differentiate = granulosa cells around oocyte + theca cells outside
zona pellucida develops between oocyte and cells

37
Q

granulosa cells

A

cuboidal cells around oocyte
release fluid

38
Q

zona pellucida

A

basement membrane formed by fluid released from oocyte and granulosa cells
thick protein coat

39
Q

theca cells

A

endocrine cells
outside layer of follicle
associated with blood vessles

40
Q

stromal cells

A

make up connective tissue of ovaries
surround follicles

41
Q

secondary follicle

A

primary oocyte + thicker walls + antrum

follicle grows + walls thicken → migrates from cortex towards medulla
envelopes blood vessels for release of estrogen by theca + granulosa cells

42
Q

antrum

A

space in follicle containing follicular fluid secreted by granulosa cells
sticky fluid

43
Q

estrogen

A

supports the regrowth of endometrium after menstruation
initiates repair + growth of uterine lining

44
Q

Graafian follicle

A

secondary oocyte + corona radiata + thick walls

only one secondary follicle develops into mature
oocyte finishes meiosis I + starts II (only reaches metaphase)
= primary → secondary
expands cortex
cumulus oophorus → separation of oocyte + corona radiata

45
Q

atresia

A

degeneration of secondary follicles that did not mature

46
Q

cumulus oophorus

A

mass of granulosa cells
gather around base of oocyte to project it into antrum
for glucose metabolism + signaling

47
Q

corona radiata

A

granulosa cells surround secondary oocyte
release from follicle wall = free floating in antrum

48
Q

non-ovulated follicles

A

required in early stages of ovarian cycle to secrete estrogen
amount of estrogen secreted is a function of the size of the follicle
estrogen secretion is taken over by dominant follicle
others die off when ovulation occurs

49
Q

preparation for ovulation

A

high estrogen secretion by mature follicle = (+) feedback to hypothalamus = ↑ LH secretion
LH induces final maturation + ovulation of follicle

50
Q

ovulation

A

stimulated by LH
granulosa cells secrete enzymes to digest cortex = follicle ruptures
oocyte released onto surface of ovary (into peritoneal cavity)
stuck to ovary by sticky fluid until picked up by fimbriae of uterine tube

51
Q

luteal phase

A

after ovulation
empty follicle collapses + ruptures blood vessels
granulosa cells proliferate to form corpus luteum

52
Q

corpus luteum

A

maintained by LH and if fertilization occurs, also hCG
secretes estrogen + progesterone
if fertilization does not occur, it degenerates 12 days after ovulation = hormone levels ↓
→ corpus albicans

53
Q

progesterone

A

prepares endometrium for implantation of embryo
required for maintenance of uterine lining

54
Q

corpus albicans

A

from corpus luteum, produced by fibroblasts
non-functional
marks end of ovarian cycle
stimulates GnRN = triggers FSH production + stimulates another cycle

55
Q
A
56
Q
A

Anatomy (14 decks)

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