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female reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

reproductive system

A

not necessary for individual survival but is for species survival
stores, nourishes, + transports functional male and female gametes
becomes functional at puberty
hormones can affect other systems as well

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2
Q

gametes

A

reproductive cells
females: ovum
males: sperm

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3
Q

functions of female repro system

A

production of ova and sex hormones
reception of male gametes
site for fertilization + preparation each month
transport of fertilized zygote to uterus
site of development of embryo + fetus
mechanism for copulation + parturition
provision of nutrition for newborn

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4
Q

ovaries

A

gonads
produce ovum (1 released each month)
release sex hormones - estrogen + progesterone
stabilized by 3 ligaments (mesovarium, ovarian ligaments, + suspensory ligaments)

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5
Q

reproductive tract

A

uterine tubes + uterus
(ovaries are not directly attached)

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6
Q

uterine tubes (+ 4 parts)

A

fallopian tubes
transport of ovum and site of fertilization

infundibulum = funnel of tube → has fimbriae (projections) to sweep up ovum
ampulla = enlargement (ideal site of fertilization)
isthmus = narrowing of tube
intramural = where tube enters uterus

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7
Q

uterus

A

implantation and development of fetus
menstrual cycle if no fertilization occurs

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8
Q

accessory glands

A

pituitary gland: stimulates oogenesis + ovulation
mammary glands: nutrition of newborn

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9
Q

vagina

A

organ of copulation
common pathway for birth canal
separate from urinary pathway

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10
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

lines peritoneal cavity = separation of abdominal and pelvic cavities
all pelvic organs are retroperitoneal

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11
Q

pelvic cavity

A

pubic symphysis + sacrum

incomplete separation from abdominal cavity
2 openings in parietal peritoneum at the uterine tubes (where they meet ovaries)

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12
Q

vesicouterine pouch

A

peritoneal space between bladder and uterus

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13
Q

rectouterine pouch

A

peritoneal space between rectum and uterus

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14
Q

vestibule

A

entrance to urogenital area
between labia minora
urethra + vagina are separate tracts

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15
Q

vaginal canal

A

2 fornices on either side of cervix
in a physical exam, can be used to detect any internal issues

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16
Q

cervix

A

opening of uterus
prevents anything from entering uterus from vaginal canal

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17
Q

broad ligament

A

parietal peritoneum over female reproductive organs
thickening of peritoneum → two layers around uterus = mesentery

3 areas → uterine tubes, ovaries, uterus

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18
Q

mesosalpinx

A

mesentery over uterine tubes

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19
Q

mesovarium

A

mesentery over ovaries

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20
Q

mesometrium

A

mesentery over uterus

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21
Q

supporting ligaments

A

thickening of peritoneum
prevents movement of structures
anchoring of uterus in all directions

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22
Q

uterosacral ligament

A

anchors uterus to sacrum
(posterior abdominal wall)

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23
Q

ovarian ligament

A

anchors ovaries to uterus (R + L)
no vasculature

24
Q

transverse ligament

A

either side of uterus to body wall
contains uterine vessels = main vasculature to uterus

25
round ligament
from uterus to iguinal canal anterior body wall some innervation + vasc remnant of development → what would have carried gonads towards outside (scrotum in males)
26
suspensory ligament
ovaries (not uterus) from abdominal aorta to ovary carries ovarian vessels = lots of vasc
27
sex hormones
produced by ovaries regulate functions of repro and other systems generate secondary sex characteristics generate sex drive stimulate growth + metabolism through body influence brain development
28
oogenesis
production of oocytes begins during fetal development dormant until puberty ends at menopause
29
mitosis of oogonium
DNA replication oogonia → primary oocyte completed before birth
30
meiosis I
begins before birth within primordial follicle suspended in stage until puberty completed due to FSH stimulation
31
follicle maturation
FSH stimulates completion of meiosis I at puberty uneven division of cytoplasm = secondary oocyte + polar body
32
meiosis II
begins in mature follicle LH stimulates ovulation = release of secondary oocyte completed only if fertilization occurs = ovum + second polar body
33
ovarian cycle
monthly series of events associated with maturation of oocyte follicular + luteal stages
34
follicular stage
primordial follicle (at birth) → primary follicle → secondary follicle → mature follicle
35
primordial follicle
oogonia (germ cell) → primary oocytes in cortex of ovary before birth primary oocyte + single layer of follicle cells (simple squamous = granulosa cells) multiple primordial follicles enter development at same time each month after puberty
36
primary follicle
FSH stimulates development (regulated by GnRH) primary oocyte grows in size surrounding cells differentiate = granulosa cells around oocyte + theca cells outside zona pellucida develops between oocyte and cells
37
granulosa cells
cuboidal cells around oocyte release fluid
38
zona pellucida
basement membrane formed by fluid released from oocyte and granulosa cells thick protein coat
39
theca cells
endocrine cells outside layer of follicle associated with blood vessles
40
stromal cells
make up connective tissue of ovaries surround follicles
41
secondary follicle
primary oocyte + thicker walls + antrum follicle grows + walls thicken → migrates from cortex towards medulla envelopes blood vessels for release of estrogen by theca + granulosa cells
42
antrum
space in follicle containing follicular fluid secreted by granulosa cells sticky fluid
43
estrogen
supports the regrowth of endometrium after menstruation initiates repair + growth of uterine lining
44
Graafian follicle
secondary oocyte + corona radiata + thick walls only one secondary follicle develops into mature oocyte finishes meiosis I + starts II (only reaches metaphase) = primary → secondary expands cortex cumulus oophorus → separation of oocyte + corona radiata
45
atresia
degeneration of secondary follicles that did not mature
46
cumulus oophorus
mass of granulosa cells gather around base of oocyte to project it into antrum for glucose metabolism + signaling
47
corona radiata
granulosa cells surround secondary oocyte release from follicle wall = free floating in antrum
48
non-ovulated follicles
required in early stages of ovarian cycle to secrete estrogen amount of estrogen secreted is a function of the size of the follicle estrogen secretion is taken over by dominant follicle others die off when ovulation occurs
49
preparation for ovulation
high estrogen secretion by mature follicle = (+) feedback to hypothalamus = ↑ LH secretion LH induces final maturation + ovulation of follicle
50
ovulation
stimulated by LH granulosa cells secrete enzymes to digest cortex = follicle ruptures oocyte released onto surface of ovary (into peritoneal cavity) stuck to ovary by sticky fluid until picked up by fimbriae of uterine tube
51
luteal phase
after ovulation empty follicle collapses + ruptures blood vessels granulosa cells proliferate to form corpus luteum
52
corpus luteum
maintained by LH and if fertilization occurs, also hCG secretes estrogen + progesterone if fertilization does not occur, it degenerates 12 days after ovulation = hormone levels ↓ → corpus albicans
53
progesterone
prepares endometrium for implantation of embryo required for maintenance of uterine lining
54
corpus albicans
from corpus luteum, produced by fibroblasts non-functional marks end of ovarian cycle stimulates GnRN = triggers FSH production + stimulates another cycle
55
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Anatomy (14 decks)

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