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Anatomy > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

skin (cutaneous membrane)

A

epidermis (epithelium)
dermis (connective tissue

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2
Q

accessory structures

A

exocrine glands
hair
nails

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3
Q

major functions

A

physical + immunological protection
thermoregulation
sensation
metabolic functions
- vit D synthesis
- energy storage as subcutaneous fat

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4
Q

tissue composition

A

all four tissue types are present in integument
- epithelium
- connective tissue
- muscle (smooth)
- nerve

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5
Q

epithelium

A

epidermis
covers surface
forms boundary → epidermis is continuous with epithelium lining internal structures

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6
Q

connective tissue

A

dermis
supports epithelium
provides strength + resiliency

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7
Q

muscle

A

smooth muscle
arrector pili muscles adjust hair position (stretch up in cold)
controls diameter of blood vessels (vasodilation/constriction in hot/cold)

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8
Q

nerve

A

controls smooth muscle
generates sensation → junction between epidermis + dermis (tactile, pressure, temp, etc)
stimulates exocrine glands

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9
Q

characteristics of skin

A

epidermis + dermis
largest organ system of body (about 15% of total body mass)
covers 2 m^2
ranges in thickness depending on area of body
- avg 1-2mm
- eyelids ~0.5mm
- heel ~4.0mm

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10
Q

interface between dermis + epidermis

A

epidermal ridge
dermal papilla

interlocking of layers
allows for tight bond between layers of skin → resist shearing stresses

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11
Q

epidermis

A

deep → superficial
- stratum germinativum
- stratum spinosum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum lucidum
- stratum corneum

stratified squamous epithelium

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12
Q

keratinocytes

A

most abundant epithelial cells in epidermis

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13
Q

basal cells

A

stem cells that divide to give rise to new keratinocytes

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14
Q

stratum germinativum

A

= stratum basale
base of epidermis
composed of large basal cells
firmly attached to basal lamina = epidermal ridge

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15
Q

stratum spinosum

A

“spiny layer”
composed of keratinocytes → contain bundles of tonofilaments
keratinocytes still capable of division

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16
Q

tonofilaments

A

protein filaments
‘spines’
run through cells to margin
act as cross braces → begin + end between adjacent cell junctions

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17
Q

desmosomes

A

cell junctions
attach keratinocytes together

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18
Q

stratum granulosum

A

‘granular’ layer
production of large quantities of keratohyalin + keratin

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19
Q

keratohyalin

A

produced by stratum granulosum
accumulates into granules → secretes lipids that fill spaces between cells
= water-repellant sealant → prevents diffusion of nutrients across membrane = apoptosis

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20
Q

stratum lucidum

A

“clear” layer
large amounts of keratin + thickened plasma membranes = transparent
only found in volar skin → palmar/plantar

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21
Q

stratum corneum

A

corne = hard
multiple layers of dead cells - varies in thickness
cells continuously shed and are replaced
forms water repellant barrier
protection against abrasion + microbial invasion

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22
Q

thin skin

A

thinner stratum corneum
difficult to distinguish other epidermal layers
less developed dermal papillae + epidermal ridges (needs less support → less friction)

ex. eyelids

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23
Q

thick skin

A

thicker stratum corneum
clearly defined epidermal layers
developed dermal papillae + epidermal ridges

ex. heel of foot

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24
Q

dermis

A

two layers:
papillary layer
reticular layer

25
Q

papillary layer

A

superficial dermis
adjacent to epidermis
thinner layer
made of areolar connective tissue = lots of extracellular matrix
papillae increases area of contact with epidermis
contains nerve endings → touch + pressure, temp, pain

26
Q

reticular layer

A

thicker layer
dense, irregular connective tissue
many elastic fibers
provides extensibility + elasticity to skin = strength + resiliency

27
Q

lines of tension

A

collagen fiber bundles in dermis align along lines of tension
align differently in different regions of body

28
Q

lines of cleavage

A

alignment of collagen fiber bundles along lines of tension
incisions must be parallel to lines → perpendicular cuts will stay open

29
Q

hypodermis

A

superficial fascia
not part of integument but proximal to dermis
stabilizes position of skin relative to underlying tissues = substrate for skin to rest on
loose connective tissue - stores fat

distribution of subcutaneous fat differs between sexes
influences shape + contours of body

30
Q

Merkel cells

A

least common cell type
in stratum germinativum (deepest layer of epidermis)
involved in sensation → touch

31
Q

Langerhans cells

A

originate from red bone marrow + migrate to epidermis
in stratum spinosum
associated with immune system → phagocytic capabilities
= immune response initiation

32
Q

melanocytes

A

8% of epithelial cells
in stratum germinativum (along columnar cells)
produce melanin pigment → skin colour
contain long processes that insert between keratinocytes to transfer melanosomes

33
Q

melanosomes

A

vesicles from melanocytes
granules containing melanin pigment
transferred into keratinocytes

destroyed by lysosomes as keratinocytes move superficially (persist in darker skin)

34
Q

anatomy of skin colour

A

blood supply to dermis
thickness of stratum corneum
variable quantities of pigments:
- carotene
- pheomelanin
- melanin

35
Q

carotene

A

yellow/orange pigment

36
Q

pheomelanin

A

red/yellow pigment

37
Q

melanin

A

brown/black pigment

increased rate of synthesis + transfer by melanocytes in response to UV radiation exposure
prevents DNA damage

38
Q

hemoglobin in dermal blood vessels

A

oxygenated Hb = pink hue
deoxygenated Hb = blue (cyanosis)
vasodilation = red

39
Q

UV-induced skin damage in epidermis

A

chromosomal damage
causes skin cancer (basal cell carcinoma)

40
Q

UV-induced skin damage in dermis

A

damage to fibroblasts = ↓ stretching ability of elastic fibres
alters composition of extracellular matrix
= premature aging of skin; wrinkling

41
Q

merocrine secretion

A

eccrine
secretory product is released by exocytosis
no cell death
most common mode of secretion

42
Q

holocrine secretion

A

secretory product invades cells → burst to release product
= cell death (eventually replaced)

43
Q

apocrine secretion

A

secretory product is released with shedding of cytoplasm of cells but no cell death
“in between” process of merocrine + holocrine

44
Q

exocrine glands

A

sweat glands
sebaceous glands

45
Q

sweat glands

A

merocrine secretion
secrete water + electrolytes (sweat)

simple, coiled tubular glands
two types: apocrine and merocrine sweat glands

46
Q

merocrine sweat glands

A

secrete normal sweat
widespread
regulate body temp

47
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A

secrete odiferous sweat (normal sweat + lipids, proteins) → acted on by bacteria = odour
specific to body regions (axilla, groin, breast areola, male facial hair)
stimulated during emotional stress + arousal

48
Q

ceruminous glands

A

modified apocrine sweat glands
merocrine secretion

secrete waxy cerumen (ear wax)

49
Q

mammary glands

A

modified apocrine sweat glands
apocrine secretion

specialized for milk production
regulated by interaction of sexual + pituitary hormones

50
Q

sebaceous glands

A

holocrine secretion
secrete oily lipid (sebum) that coats hair shafts + skin surface

sebaceous follicle = open in skin
sebaceous gland = associated with hair

51
Q

acne

A

inflammation of sebaceous glands + follicles
inflammation results from blockage of ducts + bacterial infection of glands
usually occurs at onset of puberty → glands increase in size + sebum secretion increases in response to sex hormones

52
Q

hair

A

~ 5 million on body
2% on head → UV protection + thermal insulation

covers all body surfaces except volar skin
eyes, nose, + ears → particle filtration (eyeball, airway)
touch sensation

53
Q

hair follicle

A

hair papilla at base = where blood vessels feed (growth)
hair bulb
hair root = inside
hair shaft = extends to surface (exposed above skin)

boundary between hair shaft + root
epidermis surrounds shaft deep into dermis
covered by connective tissue sheath

arrector pili muscle connects → sympathetic input

54
Q

vellus hairs

A

fine hair found over most of body

55
Q

intermediate hairs

A

on limbs
change in distribution in response to sex hormones
coarser

56
Q

terminal hairs

A

heavier + more pigmented
scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes

56
Q

hair growth cycle

A

scalp hair
active phase: growth; 2-6 years
regression → loosening attachment in follicle
resting phase: no growth; 3 months = club hair
new hair pushes old out

85% in growth phase

57
Q

nail

A

distal phalanx covered by dermis, epidermis
nail bed = epidermis lining nail root + underneath nail body
lunula = matrix; visible part of nail bed
eponychium: cuticle, seals top of body
hyponychium: seals underneath nail

Anatomy (14 decks)

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