Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

skin (cutaneous membrane)

A

epidermis (epithelium)
dermis (connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

accessory structures

A

exocrine glands
hair
nails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

major functions

A

physical + immunological protection
thermoregulation
sensation
metabolic functions
- vit D synthesis
- energy storage as subcutaneous fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

tissue composition

A

all four tissue types are present in integument
- epithelium
- connective tissue
- muscle (smooth)
- nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

epithelium

A

epidermis
covers surface
forms boundary → epidermis is continuous with epithelium lining internal structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

connective tissue

A

dermis
supports epithelium
provides strength + resiliency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

muscle

A

smooth muscle
arrector pili muscles adjust hair position (stretch up in cold)
controls diameter of blood vessels (vasodilation/constriction in hot/cold)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

nerve

A

controls smooth muscle
generates sensation → junction between epidermis + dermis (tactile, pressure, temp, etc)
stimulates exocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

characteristics of skin

A

epidermis + dermis
largest organ system of body (about 15% of total body mass)
covers 2 m^2
ranges in thickness depending on area of body
- avg 1-2mm
- eyelids ~0.5mm
- heel ~4.0mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

interface between dermis + epidermis

A

epidermal ridge
dermal papilla

interlocking of layers
allows for tight bond between layers of skin → resist shearing stresses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

epidermis

A

deep → superficial
- stratum germinativum
- stratum spinosum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum lucidum
- stratum corneum

stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

keratinocytes

A

most abundant epithelial cells in epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

basal cells

A

stem cells that divide to give rise to new keratinocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

stratum germinativum

A

= stratum basale
base of epidermis
composed of large basal cells
firmly attached to basal lamina = epidermal ridge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

stratum spinosum

A

“spiny layer”
composed of keratinocytes → contain bundles of tonofilaments
keratinocytes still capable of division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

tonofilaments

A

protein filaments
‘spines’
run through cells to margin
act as cross braces → begin + end between adjacent cell junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

desmosomes

A

cell junctions
attach keratinocytes together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

stratum granulosum

A

‘granular’ layer
production of large quantities of keratohyalin + keratin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

keratohyalin

A

produced by stratum granulosum
accumulates into granules → secretes lipids that fill spaces between cells
= water-repellant sealant → prevents diffusion of nutrients across membrane = apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

stratum lucidum

A

“clear” layer
large amounts of keratin + thickened plasma membranes = transparent
only found in volar skin → palmar/plantar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

stratum corneum

A

corne = hard
multiple layers of dead cells - varies in thickness
cells continuously shed and are replaced
forms water repellant barrier
protection against abrasion + microbial invasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

thin skin

A

thinner stratum corneum
difficult to distinguish other epidermal layers
less developed dermal papillae + epidermal ridges (needs less support → less friction)

ex. eyelids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

thick skin

A

thicker stratum corneum
clearly defined epidermal layers
developed dermal papillae + epidermal ridges

ex. heel of foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

dermis

A

two layers:
papillary layer
reticular layer

25
papillary layer
superficial dermis adjacent to epidermis thinner layer made of areolar connective tissue = lots of extracellular matrix papillae increases area of contact with epidermis contains nerve endings → touch + pressure, temp, pain
26
reticular layer
thicker layer dense, irregular connective tissue many elastic fibers provides extensibility + elasticity to skin = strength + resiliency
27
lines of tension
collagen fiber bundles in dermis align along lines of tension align differently in different regions of body
28
lines of cleavage
alignment of collagen fiber bundles along lines of tension incisions must be parallel to lines → perpendicular cuts will stay open
29
hypodermis
superficial fascia not part of integument but proximal to dermis stabilizes position of skin relative to underlying tissues = substrate for skin to rest on loose connective tissue - stores fat distribution of subcutaneous fat differs between sexes influences shape + contours of body
30
Merkel cells
least common cell type in stratum germinativum (deepest layer of epidermis) involved in sensation → touch
31
Langerhans cells
originate from red bone marrow + migrate to epidermis in stratum spinosum associated with immune system → phagocytic capabilities = immune response initiation
32
melanocytes
8% of epithelial cells in stratum germinativum (along columnar cells) produce melanin pigment → skin colour contain long processes that insert between keratinocytes to transfer melanosomes
33
melanosomes
vesicles from melanocytes granules containing melanin pigment transferred into keratinocytes destroyed by lysosomes as keratinocytes move superficially (persist in darker skin)
34
anatomy of skin colour
blood supply to dermis thickness of stratum corneum variable quantities of pigments: - carotene - pheomelanin - melanin
35
carotene
yellow/orange pigment
36
pheomelanin
red/yellow pigment
37
melanin
brown/black pigment increased rate of synthesis + transfer by melanocytes in response to UV radiation exposure prevents DNA damage
38
hemoglobin in dermal blood vessels
oxygenated Hb = pink hue deoxygenated Hb = blue (cyanosis) vasodilation = red
39
UV-induced skin damage in epidermis
chromosomal damage causes skin cancer (basal cell carcinoma)
40
UV-induced skin damage in dermis
damage to fibroblasts = ↓ stretching ability of elastic fibres alters composition of extracellular matrix = premature aging of skin; wrinkling
41
merocrine secretion
eccrine secretory product is released by exocytosis no cell death most common mode of secretion
42
holocrine secretion
secretory product invades cells → burst to release product = cell death (eventually replaced)
43
apocrine secretion
secretory product is released with shedding of cytoplasm of cells but no cell death "in between" process of merocrine + holocrine
44
exocrine glands
sweat glands sebaceous glands
45
sweat glands
merocrine secretion secrete water + electrolytes (sweat) simple, coiled tubular glands two types: apocrine and merocrine sweat glands
46
merocrine sweat glands
secrete normal sweat widespread regulate body temp
47
apocrine sweat glands
secrete odiferous sweat (normal sweat + lipids, proteins) → acted on by bacteria = odour specific to body regions (axilla, groin, breast areola, male facial hair) stimulated during emotional stress + arousal
48
ceruminous glands
modified apocrine sweat glands merocrine secretion secrete waxy cerumen (ear wax)
49
mammary glands
modified apocrine sweat glands apocrine secretion specialized for milk production regulated by interaction of sexual + pituitary hormones
50
sebaceous glands
holocrine secretion secrete oily lipid (sebum) that coats hair shafts + skin surface sebaceous follicle = open in skin sebaceous gland = associated with hair
51
acne
inflammation of sebaceous glands + follicles inflammation results from blockage of ducts + bacterial infection of glands usually occurs at onset of puberty → glands increase in size + sebum secretion increases in response to sex hormones
52
hair
~ 5 million on body 2% on head → UV protection + thermal insulation covers all body surfaces except volar skin eyes, nose, + ears → particle filtration (eyeball, airway) touch sensation
53
hair follicle
hair papilla at base = where blood vessels feed (growth) hair bulb hair root = inside hair shaft = extends to surface (exposed above skin) boundary between hair shaft + root epidermis surrounds shaft deep into dermis covered by connective tissue sheath arrector pili muscle connects → sympathetic input
54
vellus hairs
fine hair found over most of body
55
intermediate hairs
on limbs change in distribution in response to sex hormones coarser
56
terminal hairs
heavier + more pigmented scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes
56
hair growth cycle
scalp hair active phase: growth; 2-6 years regression → loosening attachment in follicle resting phase: no growth; 3 months = club hair new hair pushes old out 85% in growth phase
57
nail
distal phalanx covered by dermis, epidermis nail bed = epidermis lining nail root + underneath nail body lunula = matrix; visible part of nail bed eponychium: cuticle, seals top of body hyponychium: seals underneath nail

Anatomy (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions