Urinary

Question 1

What is the normal pH of urine?

Answer 1

7.5-8.5

Question 2

What urinary biochemical can be used to identify proximal tubular necrosis?

Answer 2

GGT

Question 3

Which Leptopsira has been assocaited with anaemia and haemoglobinuria

Answer 3

L. iterrogans Pomona

Question 4

Which virus (also assocaited with respiratory dz) has been a rarely reported cause of cortical interstitial nephritis?

Answer 4

Adenovirus

Question 5

Describe the pathology seen with lamb nephrosis

Answer 5

Large, pale, soft kidneys. Protein losing nephropathy. Hyalin casts. Focal glomerular necrosis.

Question 6

List 5 broad categories of renal toxins

Answer 6

Oxalates
Tannins
Heavy metals
Vitamin D
Ethylene glycol

Question 7

List 4 oxalate containing plants

Answer 7

Dock, sorrel, beet leaves, rhubarb

Question 8

List two plants with toxic levels of vitamin D

Answer 8

Jasmine, nightshades

Question 9

List six heavy metals associated with renal toxicity

Answer 9

Copper, Zinc, Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, Arsenic

Question 10

Give a ballpark figure for toxic copper dose in sheep (much variation)

Answer 10

20ppm

Question 11

What copper:molybdenum ratio is reported as high risk for toxicity

Answer 11

> 10:1

Question 12

Explain the pathophysiology of copper toxicity

Answer 12

Excess copper is stored in the lysosomes of the liver. It is acutely released during stress. This oxidises haemoglobin to methaemoglobin. Oxidative stress triggers red blood cell lysis.

Question 13

In which kidney is pyelonephritis more common?

Answer 13

Left (shorter ureter)

Question 14

What bacteria is the most common cause of pyelonephritis? How does urinary acidification help to treat?

Answer 14

Corynebacterium renale. Acidification prevents pili adhering

Question 15

What are the two generak causes of renal amyloidosis

Answer 15

Chronic inflammation (amyloid A), myeloma (amyloid L)

Question 16

In which breed is there an inherited mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis?

Answer 16

Finnish Landrace

Question 17

In which breed of goat has Cloisonnè kidney been reported? What is the pathogenesis?

Answer 17

Angora goats. Repeated intravascular haemolysis leads to thickened, brown basement membrane.

Question 18

What is the genetic inheritance mode of polycystic renal disease?

Answer 18

Autosomal recessive

Question 19

Lesions in which spinal cord segments cause a distended bladder that is difficult to express?

Answer 19

UMN: L4-S2

Question 20

Lesions in which spinal cord segments cause a distended bladder that is easy to express and may spontaneously dribble?

Answer 20

LMN: S2-caudal

Question 21

List three causes of neurological incontinence

Answer 21

Swayback. High tail docking. West Nile Virus.

Question 22

Deficiency of which vitamin may predispose to urolothiasis via metaplasia of the uroepithelium?

Answer 22

Vitmain A

Question 23

Which uroliths are most commonly seen in animals on a high grain diet?

Answer 23

Struvite and Apatite

Question 24

Which plant family is associated with calcium carbonate uroliths?

Answer 24

legumes

Question 25

Why may serum phosphorous and potassium be normal in cases of obstructive urolithiasis

Answer 25

Increased salivary excretion

Question 26

List the five surgical options for urolithiasis

Answer 26

Urethrotomy, urethrostomy, tube cystotomy, marsupialisation, penile amputation

Question 27

What is the prognosis for tube cystotomy? Within what time should you expect urination?

Answer 27

70%. Within 14 days

Question 28

List risk factors for urolithiasis

Answer 28

Early castration. Excessive P/Ca. Insufficient chewing (not enough long fibre, too much grain). Slug-feeding (osmotic draw of water into rumen increases urine concentration)

Question 29

Which pathogens are assocaited with Pizzle Rot (Ulcerative posthitis and vaginitis)

Answer 29

Corynbacterium renale.
Less so: parapox, C. pilosum, C. cytidis, CHV-1, mycoplasmas, ureaplasmas

Question 30

List risk factors for pizzle rot

Answer 30

High protein diets, thick fleece near genitals, wet conditions, increased lying (e.g. lameness)