Urinary Flashcards
What is the normal pH of urine?
7.5-8.5
What urinary biochemical can be used to identify proximal tubular necrosis?
GGT
Which Leptopsira has been assocaited with anaemia and haemoglobinuria
L. iterrogans Pomona
Which virus (also assocaited with respiratory dz) has been a rarely reported cause of cortical interstitial nephritis?
Adenovirus
Describe the pathology seen with lamb nephrosis
Large, pale, soft kidneys. Protein losing nephropathy. Hyalin casts. Focal glomerular necrosis.
List 5 broad categories of renal toxins
Oxalates
Tannins
Heavy metals
Vitamin D
Ethylene glycol
List 4 oxalate containing plants
Dock, sorrel, beet leaves, rhubarb
List two plants with toxic levels of vitamin D
Jasmine, nightshades
List six heavy metals associated with renal toxicity
Copper, Zinc, Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, Arsenic
Give a ballpark figure for toxic copper dose in sheep (much variation)
20ppm
What copper:molybdenum ratio is reported as high risk for toxicity
> 10:1
Explain the pathophysiology of copper toxicity
Excess copper is stored in the lysosomes of the liver. It is acutely released during stress. This oxidises haemoglobin to methaemoglobin. Oxidative stress triggers red blood cell lysis.
In which kidney is pyelonephritis more common?
Left (shorter ureter)
What bacteria is the most common cause of pyelonephritis? How does urinary acidification help to treat?
Corynebacterium renale. Acidification prevents pili adhering
What are the two generak causes of renal amyloidosis
Chronic inflammation (amyloid A), myeloma (amyloid L)
In which breed is there an inherited mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis?
Finnish Landrace
In which breed of goat has Cloisonnè kidney been reported? What is the pathogenesis?
Angora goats. Repeated intravascular haemolysis leads to thickened, brown basement membrane.
What is the genetic inheritance mode of polycystic renal disease?
Autosomal recessive
Lesions in which spinal cord segments cause a distended bladder that is difficult to express?
UMN: L4-S2
Lesions in which spinal cord segments cause a distended bladder that is easy to express and may spontaneously dribble?
LMN: S2-caudal
List three causes of neurological incontinence
Swayback. High tail docking. West Nile Virus.
Deficiency of which vitamin may predispose to urolothiasis via metaplasia of the uroepithelium?
Vitmain A
Which uroliths are most commonly seen in animals on a high grain diet?
Struvite and Apatite
Which plant family is associated with calcium carbonate uroliths?
legumes
Why may serum phosphorous and potassium be normal in cases of obstructive urolithiasis
Increased salivary excretion
List the five surgical options for urolithiasis
Urethrotomy, urethrostomy, tube cystotomy, marsupialisation, penile amputation
What is the prognosis for tube cystotomy? Within what time should you expect urination?
70%. Within 14 days
List risk factors for urolithiasis
Early castration. Excessive P/Ca. Insufficient chewing (not enough long fibre, too much grain). Slug-feeding (osmotic draw of water into rumen increases urine concentration)
Which pathogens are assocaited with Pizzle Rot (Ulcerative posthitis and vaginitis)
Corynbacterium renale.
Less so: parapox, C. pilosum, C. cytidis, CHV-1, mycoplasmas, ureaplasmas
List risk factors for pizzle rot
High protein diets, thick fleece near genitals, wet conditions, increased lying (e.g. lameness)
