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Small ruminants > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

How frequently can semen be harvested for AI?

A

Every 30-60 minutes

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2
Q

How is semen stress tested?

A

Progressive motility checked after 20 minutes at room temperature

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3
Q

What volume of fresh semen is required for AI?

A

0.1ml

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4
Q

Describe how semen is extended for chilling and freezing

A

Diluted according to sperm count (1:1-1:4) using buffers containing glucose/fructose energy source. If being frozen a cell protectant is added e.g. glycerol.

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5
Q

How does eCG administration affect the ram/buck effect?

A

Increases testosterone production leading to a more pronounced effect.

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6
Q

When will peak matings occur after using the ram/buck effect.

A

Two peaks at approximately 18 and 26 days in sheep. (One silent cycle or one and a half silent cycles before mating)

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7
Q

What proportion of females will be synchronised by a single PGF2a injection?
When will they express oestrus?

A

66%
30-60 hours

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8
Q

How can two PGF2a injections be used to synchronise the whole group?

A

Second injection after 7-11 days. (Or hand mate and only inject those not mated)

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9
Q

What are the active ingredients of chronogest sponges and CIDR-ovis. How long should they be left in situ?

A

Flugestone and progesterone
14d and 12d

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10
Q

How soon after sponge/cidr removal should rams be introduced?

A

36-48h for sponges. Possibly at 24h for cidr-ovis

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11
Q

Whn should eCG be given relative to sponge/CIDR removal?

A

at time of or 24-48h after.

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12
Q

How can PGF2a be used to tighten the cidr/sponge sync

A

administer 24h prior to removal to ensure sharp fall in progesterone in case a CL is present.

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13
Q

Can breeding season manipulation be performed in lactating goats?

A

Yes but not in the first 4 months of lactation

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14
Q

How long before intended lambing should regulin (melatonin) be implanted?

A

29 weeks

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15
Q

How long after regulin implantation should tups (potentially vasectomised) be introduced?

A

30-40 days

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16
Q

When using melatonin in implants to advance breeding season, how long after tup introduction will matings start and when will the peak be?

A

matings from 14 days, peak around 25-30 days

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17
Q

How long after progestin removal should timed AI be performed?

A

55h

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18
Q

What routes are there for AI, what are the success rates?

A

Vaginal 15-30%
Cervical 35-50%
Transcervical 40-70%
Laparoscopic 20-90% (highly operator dependent)

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19
Q

How many embryos can be expected per flush?

A

8-10

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20
Q

What is the success rate of embryo transfer

A

60-80%

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21
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take? How long after this does transport to epididymis take?

A

49-60 days. Further 2 weeks

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22
Q

What targets are there for scrotal circumference in rams and bucks?

A

Ram lambs: 30cm
Ram shearlings: 33cm
Ram: 36cm
Dairy bucks 28cm
Heavy meat bucks: 34-36cm

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23
Q

Wht effect does twinning have on sperm production?

A

Male-male twins have higher than male-female twins

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24
Q

At what proportion of adult bodyweight does puberty occur?

A

60%

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25
Q

After how many days does the ovine placenta start to produce its own progesterone?

A

75 days

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26
Q

What is normal gestation for ewes and does?

A

ewes: 145-150
does: 147-155

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27
Q

From how many days can transrectal ultrasound detect pregnancy?

A

24d

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28
Q

When is the best time to assess twinning by ultrasound?

A

45-90d

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29
Q

What targets are there for sperm motility and morphology?

A

> 70% progressive motility
90% normal morphology

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30
Q

How can sperm morphological abnormalities sugget the location of pathology?

A

Head and acrosome defects associated with testes, tail defects assocaited with epididymes

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31
Q

How can hormone assays be used to detect pregnancy?

A

Estrone sulfate assay after d50
Prgnancy-specific protein B after d30
Low progesterone can confirm non-pregnancy but cannot be used to confirm pregnancy. (Penside tests for cattle work in goats)

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32
Q

How can parturiaion be induced?

A

PGF2a in goats
16mg dexamethasone in sheep, possibly after pre-priming with increasing dose (2mg, 2mg, 2mg, 4mg, 16mg) to help foetal maturation

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33
Q

How long is the oestrus cycle in goats and sheep?

A

17d in sheep, 21d in goats

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34
Q

How long does oestrus last in goats and sheep

A

15-45h in sheep
24-72h in goats

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35
Q

List causes for vaginitis

A

Orf, CHV-1, mycoplasma, ascending bacterial infections, ectopic mammary tissue

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36
Q

List 3 causes for cystic ovaries in goats

A

hormonal manipulation for superovulation
Phosphorous deficiency
Oestrogenic feed

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37
Q

Which hormones are altered by granulosa cell tumours?

A

Elevated oestrogen and testosterone

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38
Q

List a predisposing factor for freemartinism

A

Lots of multiples. Still very rare though

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39
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of a varicocoele

A

Dilatation and thrombosis of the internal spermatic vein leads to painful swelling of the spermatic cord

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40
Q

How is Brucella ovis diagnosed?

A

ELISA. Repeated in 4-8 weeks if negative.

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41
Q

List the main causes of epididymititis

A

B. ovis
Actinobacillus seminis
Histophilus/haemophilus spp

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42
Q

In which part of the epididymis are sperm granulomas found

A

The head

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43
Q

List 7 causes of testicular hypoplasia

A

congenital
Season
Zn decifiency
Hypothyroidism (I deficiency)
Starvation
Systemic dz
Cold/heat stress

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44
Q

What karyotype are caprine pseudohermaphrodites? What gonads do they posess? What genitalia?

A

XX. Intra-abdominal testicles. Female genitalia that progressively masculinises.

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45
Q

What phenotype is associated with hermaphrodism?

A

Polling in dairy goats

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46
Q

List 6 causes of non-infectious abortion

A

Stress, Nutrition, Pharmaceutical reactions, Toxic plants, sheep-goat hybrids, chromosomal rearrangements

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47
Q

Which mineral deficiencies are assocaited with foetal resorption?

A

Iodine and selenium

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48
Q

List two plants associated with abortion in ewes and two with does

A

Kale, subterranean clover.
Locoweed and broomweed (invasive in EU)

49
Q

Which pharmaceuticals have been assocaited with abortion?

A

Levamisole in late pregnancy, xylazine in early pregnancy, high dose albendazole in early pregnancy

50
Q

What proportion of a flock may abort in an EAE storm?

A

25-60%

51
Q

Are any other Chlamydophila spp associated with abortion?

A

C. pecorum in goats alongside arthritis, encephalitis and pneumonia
Parachlamydia seen in Switzerland

52
Q

How is EAE transmitted?

A

oronasal contact with foetal fluids

53
Q

Can any other animals act as reservoirs for EAE?

A

Birds and ticks

54
Q

At how many days gestation does Chlamydophila start to multiply? In which tissue?

A

115d. cotyledons

55
Q

For how long is EAE shed post abortion?

A

3 weeks - primparous aborters can become persistent shedders

56
Q

If ewes are infected with EAE after day 115, when will they abort?

A

Next year

57
Q

What placental pathology is seen in EAE?

A

Intercotyledonary thickening, necrotic foci on cotyledons with necrotizing vasculitis seen on histopath

58
Q

What pathology may been seen in a foetus after EAE abortion?

A

Hepatitis, splenitis, pneumonia, encephalitis

59
Q

How is EAE diagnosed?

A

placental smears (+/- ZN, IFA), vagnial swab PCR, paired ELISA.

60
Q

How can oxytet be used in an EAE storm?

A

LA injection every 14 days for final 6 weeks of gestation

61
Q

What vaccine is available for EAE? What strain is it? How can it cause abortion itself? When should it be administered? Are there alternatives?

A

LIve attenuated vaccine. Strain 1B. Administered 4mo-4we pre-mating. If adminsitered during pregnancy can cause abortion. If inadequate dose administered can lead to infection that subseuqently triggers abortion.
An inactivated vaccine combined with S. abortusovis can be used in pregnancy, but protection is incomplete.

62
Q

What subunit is being trialled as novel vaccine candidate for EAE

A

Outer memrbane protein

63
Q

How is Coxiella burnetii shed?

A

In all bodily fluids

64
Q

Are there any reservoirs for C. burnetii?

A

Yes, ticks

65
Q

What placental lesions are seen in Q fever?

A

Intercotyledonary thickening, necrotic foci on cotyledons

66
Q

For how long is Q fever shed post abortion?

A

4-5 months

67
Q

Can Q fever be treated?

A

No

68
Q

What strain is used in the Q fever vaccine. How effective is it? What is the vaccination schedule?

A

Inactivated 9 mile strain. Reduces abortions and shedding in goats, only reduces shedding in sheep. Two injections 3 weeks apart, annual booster, at least 3 weeks before mating.

69
Q

Why is manure spreading not epidemiologically significant for Q fever?

A

Deactivated by temperature in dungheaps

70
Q

How can flock level identification for Q fever be performed/monitoried?

A

Bulk milk tank ELISA/PCR

71
Q

Which species causes Campylobacter abortion?

A

C. fetus fetus (less so jejuni)

72
Q

Is campylobacter abortion more common in goats or sheep?

A

Sheep

73
Q

When is abortion seen with Campylobacter?

A

from 6 weeks pre-lambing (often 2 peaks 2-3 weeks apart with the second peak larger)

74
Q

Name 3 risk factors for Campylobacter abortion

A

Crowding, poor hygiene, bird access to troughs

75
Q

What lesions are seen in the foetus after Campylobacter abortion?

A

Target lesions in liver (25% of cases). Serosanguinous peritoneal and pleural fluid. Subcutaneous oedema. Necrosuppurative placentitis.

76
Q

What epidemiological pattern is seen with Campylobacter abortion and why?

A

3-5 years cyclic peaks as aborted animals are immune for life

77
Q

Which Listeria species can cause abortion?

A

L. monocytogenes (and less so ivanovii)

78
Q

Describe the placental and foetal pathology in listerial abortion

A

Suppurative placentitis (and sometimes metritis). Sometimes leathery cotyledons. Microabscesses in foetal organs.

79
Q

How is listerial abortion diagnosed?

A

Culture of foetal stomach contents

80
Q

Which strains of salmonella can cause abortions? With which are sick ewes seen?

A

Diarizonae, Montevideo, Typhimurium, Schwarzengrund, Abortusovis. Sick ewes with Dublin and Brandenburg

81
Q

Which Leptospira is assocaited with aboriton? IN which host species is it more common? What other signs are seen?

A

Pomona. Goats. Jaundice, anaemia, fever.

82
Q

What impacts does Anaplasma phagocytophilum have on fertility?

A

Fever can induce abortion and can also impair spermatogenesis

83
Q

How can Yersinia pseudotuberculosis cause abortion?

A

Suppurative placentitis

84
Q

Which E coli strain can cause abortion outbreaks? What other signs are seen in ewes?

A

STEC. pyrexia, anorexia, diarrhoea

85
Q

How long after Toxoplasma gondii infection do tachyzoites spread to plcaenta and foetus? After how, long is abortion usually seen? Are there exceptions?

A

Reach placenta after 2 weeks, foetus after 3 weeks, abortion after 4 weeks. Occasionally abortion seen before tachyzoites reached foetus.

86
Q

DUring what stages of gestation are the various types of abortion seen with Toxoplasma?

A

Resorption in first 40 days. Premature, stillborn, mummified, or weak lambs born to later infections (due to pregressive development of foetal immune system).

87
Q

How is Toxomplasma abortion diagnosed?

A

ELISA or IFA on foetla thoracic fluid. PCR or IHC on placenta. Antibodies raised within 7 days and persist for life so only useful for ruling out.

88
Q

What histopathology is seen in toxoplasma abortion? What is the cause of death?

A

Coagulative necrosis of cotyledons, liver and lungs. Glial focin in brain. Maternal IFNy probably causes the abortion.
In rare early abortions infarcts are seen rather than necrosis.

89
Q

How can T. gondii be maintained on a farm in the abscence of cats?

A

Vertical endogenous transmission in mice

90
Q

Do sheep abort more than once with Toxoplasma?

A

Generally no, although disputed in the literature. Charollais sheep may have genetic predispostion to repeated abortion due to variation in the toll-like receptor.

91
Q

At what stages of gestation are abortion and foetal abnormalities seen with BDV infection.

A

Resoprtion or foetal abnormalities at < 60d gestation. Occaisional abortion or weak lamsb at >85 days infection. PIs created at <85 days

92
Q

How is border disease diagnosed?

A

PCR of spleen or blood.

93
Q

What foetal abnormalities are associated with BDV?

A

Hydrencephaly, cerebellar hypolasia, long limbs, narrow domed heads, abnormal fleece.

94
Q

Which flavivirus can cause abortion often at the same time as Rift Valley Fever? What is the vector?

A

Wesselbron virus. Mosquitos.

95
Q

Name to two nutrional factors assocaited with hydrops

A

Legumes, Iodine deficiency

96
Q

List 6 predisposing factors for vaginal prolapse

A

LOw quality forage, oestrogenic legumes, corwding, obseity, coughing, close tail docking

97
Q

List 6 predisposing factors for retained foetal membranes

A

Abortion, Dystocia, Obesity, Hypocalcaemia, Selenium deficiency, vitamin A deficiency

98
Q

Which two breeds of goat are predisposed to pyometra - why?

A

Nubian and pygmy. They start cycling again immedaitely after parturition.

99
Q

What are potential sequelae to pregnancy toxaemia

A

Mastitis, metritis, RFM, reduce milk yield

100
Q

What volume and frrequeny of glyrcerol/propylene glycol mix is advocated for treating pregnancy toxaemia?

A

100ml BID

101
Q

How main strains of BDV are tere? Are any strains notable?

A

7 strains. Aveyron (5) is particularly pathogenic in adults and transmits horizontally more readily

102
Q

Is there cross-protection between BDV strains?

A

Only partial

103
Q

What haemotological changes does transient BDV infection cause

A

Leuko- and lymphopaenia

104
Q

What placental pathology dos BDV cause?

A

Necrotizing placentitis

105
Q

What is the approximate range of BDV flock seroprevalence across Europe. Are any regions different?

A

Mostly 30-60%. Scandinavia 10-20%, Basque 80%

106
Q

How does the within-flock prevalence of BDV differ between pasture-based and feeddlot sheep systems

A

Pasure: 6-30%. Feedlot: 55%

107
Q

Is uncontrolled exposure to a BDV PI an effective ‘natural vaccination’?

A

No, <20% of animals seroconvert within 3 months of co-grazing

108
Q

What stain is used to identify Campylobacter on smears? What about tissue sections?

A

Carbol Fuschin
Silver stain

109
Q

How can campylobacter abortion outbreaks be managed?

A

Move to less contaminated area (after separating aborted). Vaccination in face of outbreak (2 doses 10 days apart) can be effective. Oxytet can reduce shedding and could reduce abortion if timing were precise (but that’s unlikely in practice)

110
Q

What mortality rate in ewes following S. abortus ovis is reported?

A

10-15%

111
Q

Why do some farmers wihthold colostrum from lambs following S. abortusovis infection?

A

The bacteria is shed heavily in colostrum

112
Q

At what stages can S. abortus ovis cause reproductive losses?

A

Any. Early infection shows as barren ewes. Later shows as abortion storms. Infection at term can lead to perinatal mortality.

113
Q

Which Chalmydial life stage replicates by binary fission within cells?

A

Reticulate body

114
Q

Although ewes that have aborted with EAE will not abort again, they continue to shed bacteria - when does this shedding peak?

A

Around oestrus and subsequent parturitions

115
Q

What lesions are seen on placental histopathology after EAE abortion?

A

Thromboemboli with mononuclear and neutrophilic inflammation

116
Q

If the placenta cannot be found, which cytological sample can help to diagnose EAE?

A

Cervical mucus smear

117
Q

How are clinical cases of Schmallenberg diagnosed?

A

RT-PCR

118
Q

What reproductive signs can be seen in pregnant sheep infected with Schmallenberg?
What additional sign has been described in East Friesian Milk sheep?

A

Hydramnion, dystocia, extended pregnancy
Diarrhoea

119
Q

Are sheep or goats more vulnerable to Schmallenberg virus?

A

sheep

Small ruminants (13 decks)

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