Reproduction Flashcards
1
Q
How frequently can semen be harvested for AI?
A
Every 30-60 minutes
2
Q
How is semen stress tested?
A
Progressive motility checked after 20 minutes at room temperature
3
Q
What volume of fresh semen is required for AI?
A
0.1ml
4
Q
Describe how semen is extended for chilling and freezing
A
Diluted according to sperm count (1:1-1:4) using buffers containing glucose/fructose energy source. If being frozen a cell protectant is added e.g. glycerol.
5
Q
How does eCG administration affect the ram/buck effect?
A
Increases testosterone production leading to a more pronounced effect.
6
Q
When will peak matings occur after using the ram/buck effect.
A
Two peaks at approximately 18 and 26 days in sheep. (One silent cycle or one and a half silent cycles before mating)
7
Q
What proportion of females will be synchronised by a single PGF2a injection?
When will they express oestrus?
A
66%
30-60 hours
8
Q
How can two PGF2a injections be used to synchronise the whole group?
A
Second injection after 7-11 days. (Or hand mate and only inject those not mated)
9
Q
What are the active ingredients of chronogest sponges and CIDR-ovis. How long should they be left in situ?
A
Flugestone and progesterone
14d and 12d
10
Q
How soon after sponge/cidr removal should rams be introduced?
A
36-48h for sponges. Possibly at 24h for cidr-ovis
11
Q
Whn should eCG be given relative to sponge/CIDR removal?
A
at time of or 24-48h after.
12
Q
How can PGF2a be used to tighten the cidr/sponge sync
A
administer 24h prior to removal to ensure sharp fall in progesterone in case a CL is present.
13
Q
Can breeding season manipulation be performed in lactating goats?
A
Yes but not in the first 4 months of lactation
14
Q
How long before intended lambing should regulin (melatonin) be implanted?
A
29 weeks
15
Q
How long after regulin implantation should tups (potentially vasectomised) be introduced?
A
30-40 days
16
Q
When using melatonin in implants to advance breeding season, how long after tup introduction will matings start and when will the peak be?
A
matings from 14 days, peak around 25-30 days
17
Q
How long after progestin removal should timed AI be performed?
A
55h
18
Q
What routes are there for AI, what are the success rates?
A
Vaginal 15-30%
Cervical 35-50%
Transcervical 40-70%
Laparoscopic 20-90% (highly operator dependent)
19
Q
How many embryos can be expected per flush?
A
8-10
20
Q
What is the success rate of embryo transfer
A
60-80%
21
Q
How long does spermatogenesis take? How long after this does transport to epididymis take?
A
49-60 days. Further 2 weeks
22
Q
What targets are there for scrotal circumference in rams and bucks?
A
Ram lambs: 30cm
Ram shearlings: 33cm
Ram: 36cm
Dairy bucks 28cm
Heavy meat bucks: 34-36cm
23
Q
Wht effect does twinning have on sperm production?
A
Male-male twins have higher than male-female twins
24
Q
At what proportion of adult bodyweight does puberty occur?
A
60%
25
After how many days does the ovine placenta start to produce its own progesterone?
75 days
26
What is normal gestation for ewes and does?
ewes: 145-150
does: 147-155
27
From how many days can transrectal ultrasound detect pregnancy?
24d
28
When is the best time to assess twinning by ultrasound?
45-90d
29
What targets are there for sperm motility and morphology?
>70% progressive motility
>90% normal morphology
30
How can sperm morphological abnormalities sugget the location of pathology?
Head and acrosome defects associated with testes, tail defects assocaited with epididymes
31
How can hormone assays be used to detect pregnancy?
Estrone sulfate assay after d50
Prgnancy-specific protein B after d30
Low progesterone can confirm non-pregnancy but cannot be used to confirm pregnancy. (Penside tests for cattle work in goats)
32
How can parturiaion be induced?
PGF2a in goats
16mg dexamethasone in sheep, possibly after pre-priming with increasing dose (2mg, 2mg, 2mg, 4mg, 16mg) to help foetal maturation
33
How long is the oestrus cycle in goats and sheep?
17d in sheep, 21d in goats
34
How long does oestrus last in goats and sheep
15-45h in sheep
24-72h in goats
35
List causes for vaginitis
Orf, CHV-1, mycoplasma, ascending bacterial infections, ectopic mammary tissue
36
List 3 causes for cystic ovaries in goats
hormonal manipulation for superovulation
Phosphorous deficiency
Oestrogenic feed
37
Which hormones are altered by granulosa cell tumours?
Elevated oestrogen and testosterone
38
List a predisposing factor for freemartinism
Lots of multiples. Still very rare though
39
Describe the pathogenesis of a varicocoele
Dilatation and thrombosis of the internal spermatic vein leads to painful swelling of the spermatic cord
40
How is Brucella ovis diagnosed?
ELISA. Repeated in 4-8 weeks if negative.
41
List the main causes of epididymititis
B. ovis
Actinobacillus seminis
Histophilus/haemophilus spp
42
In which part of the epididymis are sperm granulomas found
The head
43
List 7 causes of testicular hypoplasia
congenital
Season
Zn decifiency
Hypothyroidism (I deficiency)
Starvation
Systemic dz
Cold/heat stress
44
What karyotype are caprine pseudohermaphrodites? What gonads do they posess? What genitalia?
XX. Intra-abdominal testicles. Female genitalia that progressively masculinises.
45
What phenotype is associated with hermaphrodism?
Polling in dairy goats
46
List 6 causes of non-infectious abortion
Stress, Nutrition, Pharmaceutical reactions, Toxic plants, sheep-goat hybrids, chromosomal rearrangements
47
Which mineral deficiencies are assocaited with foetal resorption?
Iodine and selenium
48
List two plants associated with abortion in ewes and two with does
Kale, subterranean clover.
Locoweed and broomweed (invasive in EU)
49
Which pharmaceuticals have been assocaited with abortion?
Levamisole in late pregnancy, xylazine in early pregnancy, high dose albendazole in early pregnancy
50
What proportion of a flock may abort in an EAE storm?
25-60%
51
Are any other Chlamydophila spp associated with abortion?
C. pecorum in goats alongside arthritis, encephalitis and pneumonia
Parachlamydia seen in Switzerland
52
How is EAE transmitted?
oronasal contact with foetal fluids
53
Can any other animals act as reservoirs for EAE?
Birds and ticks
54
At how many days gestation does Chlamydophila start to multiply? In which tissue?
115d. cotyledons
55
For how long is EAE shed post abortion?
3 weeks - primparous aborters can become persistent shedders
56
If ewes are infected with EAE after day 115, when will they abort?
Next year
57
What placental pathology is seen in EAE?
Intercotyledonary thickening, necrotic foci on cotyledons with necrotizing vasculitis seen on histopath
58
What pathology may been seen in a foetus after EAE abortion?
Hepatitis, splenitis, pneumonia, encephalitis
59
How is EAE diagnosed?
placental smears (+/- ZN, IFA), vagnial swab PCR, paired ELISA.
60
How can oxytet be used in an EAE storm?
LA injection every 14 days for final 6 weeks of gestation
61
What vaccine is available for EAE? What strain is it? How can it cause abortion itself? When should it be administered? Are there alternatives?
LIve attenuated vaccine. Strain 1B. Administered 4mo-4we pre-mating. If adminsitered during pregnancy can cause abortion. If inadequate dose administered can lead to infection that subseuqently triggers abortion.
An inactivated vaccine combined with S. abortusovis can be used in pregnancy, but protection is incomplete.
62
What subunit is being trialled as novel vaccine candidate for EAE
Outer memrbane protein
63
How is Coxiella burnetii shed?
In all bodily fluids
64
Are there any reservoirs for C. burnetii?
Yes, ticks
65
What placental lesions are seen in Q fever?
Intercotyledonary thickening, necrotic foci on cotyledons
66
For how long is Q fever shed post abortion?
4-5 months
67
Can Q fever be treated?
No
68
What strain is used in the Q fever vaccine. How effective is it? What is the vaccination schedule?
Inactivated 9 mile strain. Reduces abortions and shedding in goats, only reduces shedding in sheep. Two injections 3 weeks apart, annual booster, at least 3 weeks before mating.
69
Why is manure spreading not epidemiologically significant for Q fever?
Deactivated by temperature in dungheaps
70
How can flock level identification for Q fever be performed/monitoried?
Bulk milk tank ELISA/PCR
71
Which species causes Campylobacter abortion?
C. fetus fetus (less so jejuni)
72
Is campylobacter abortion more common in goats or sheep?
Sheep
73
When is abortion seen with Campylobacter?
from 6 weeks pre-lambing (often 2 peaks 2-3 weeks apart with the second peak larger)
74
Name 3 risk factors for Campylobacter abortion
Crowding, poor hygiene, bird access to troughs
75
What lesions are seen in the foetus after Campylobacter abortion?
Target lesions in liver (25% of cases). Serosanguinous peritoneal and pleural fluid. Subcutaneous oedema. Necrosuppurative placentitis.
76
What epidemiological pattern is seen with Campylobacter abortion and why?
3-5 years cyclic peaks as aborted animals are immune for life
77
Which Listeria species can cause abortion?
L. monocytogenes (and less so ivanovii)
78
Describe the placental and foetal pathology in listerial abortion
Suppurative placentitis (and sometimes metritis). Sometimes leathery cotyledons. Microabscesses in foetal organs.
79
How is listerial abortion diagnosed?
Culture of foetal stomach contents
80
Which strains of salmonella can cause abortions? With which are sick ewes seen?
Diarizonae, Montevideo, Typhimurium, Schwarzengrund, Abortusovis. Sick ewes with Dublin and Brandenburg
81
Which Leptospira is assocaited with aboriton? IN which host species is it more common? What other signs are seen?
Pomona. Goats. Jaundice, anaemia, fever.
82
What impacts does Anaplasma phagocytophilum have on fertility?
Fever can induce abortion and can also impair spermatogenesis
83
How can Yersinia pseudotuberculosis cause abortion?
Suppurative placentitis
84
Which E coli strain can cause abortion outbreaks? What other signs are seen in ewes?
STEC. pyrexia, anorexia, diarrhoea
85
How long after Toxoplasma gondii infection do tachyzoites spread to plcaenta and foetus? After how, long is abortion usually seen? Are there exceptions?
Reach placenta after 2 weeks, foetus after 3 weeks, abortion after 4 weeks. Occasionally abortion seen before tachyzoites reached foetus.
86
DUring what stages of gestation are the various types of abortion seen with Toxoplasma?
Resorption in first 40 days. Premature, stillborn, mummified, or weak lambs born to later infections (due to pregressive development of foetal immune system).
87
How is Toxomplasma abortion diagnosed?
ELISA or IFA on foetla thoracic fluid. PCR or IHC on placenta. Antibodies raised within 7 days and persist for life so only useful for ruling out.
88
What histopathology is seen in toxoplasma abortion? What is the cause of death?
Coagulative necrosis of cotyledons, liver and lungs. Glial focin in brain. Maternal IFNy probably causes the abortion.
In rare early abortions infarcts are seen rather than necrosis.
89
How can T. gondii be maintained on a farm in the abscence of cats?
Vertical endogenous transmission in mice
90
Do sheep abort more than once with Toxoplasma?
Generally no, although disputed in the literature. Charollais sheep may have genetic predispostion to repeated abortion due to variation in the toll-like receptor.
91
At what stages of gestation are abortion and foetal abnormalities seen with BDV infection.
Resoprtion or foetal abnormalities at < 60d gestation. Occaisional abortion or weak lamsb at >85 days infection. PIs created at <85 days
92
How is border disease diagnosed?
PCR of spleen or blood.
93
What foetal abnormalities are associated with BDV?
Hydrencephaly, cerebellar hypolasia, long limbs, narrow domed heads, abnormal fleece.
94
Which flavivirus can cause abortion often at the same time as Rift Valley Fever? What is the vector?
Wesselbron virus. Mosquitos.
95
Name to two nutrional factors assocaited with hydrops
Legumes, Iodine deficiency
96
List 6 predisposing factors for vaginal prolapse
LOw quality forage, oestrogenic legumes, corwding, obseity, coughing, close tail docking
97
List 6 predisposing factors for retained foetal membranes
Abortion, Dystocia, Obesity, Hypocalcaemia, Selenium deficiency, vitamin A deficiency
98
Which two breeds of goat are predisposed to pyometra - why?
Nubian and pygmy. They start cycling again immedaitely after parturition.
99
What are potential sequelae to pregnancy toxaemia
Mastitis, metritis, RFM, reduce milk yield
100
What volume and frrequeny of glyrcerol/propylene glycol mix is advocated for treating pregnancy toxaemia?
100ml BID
101
How main strains of BDV are tere? Are any strains notable?
7 strains. Aveyron (5) is particularly pathogenic in adults and transmits horizontally more readily
102
Is there cross-protection between BDV strains?
Only partial
103
What haemotological changes does transient BDV infection cause
Leuko- and lymphopaenia
104
What placental pathology dos BDV cause?
Necrotizing placentitis
105
What is the approximate range of BDV flock seroprevalence across Europe. Are any regions different?
Mostly 30-60%. Scandinavia 10-20%, Basque 80%
106
How does the within-flock prevalence of BDV differ between pasture-based and feeddlot sheep systems
Pasure: 6-30%. Feedlot: 55%
107
Is uncontrolled exposure to a BDV PI an effective 'natural vaccination'?
No, <20% of animals seroconvert within 3 months of co-grazing
108
What stain is used to identify Campylobacter on smears? What about tissue sections?
Carbol Fuschin
Silver stain
109
How can campylobacter abortion outbreaks be managed?
Move to less contaminated area (after separating aborted). Vaccination in face of outbreak (2 doses 10 days apart) can be effective. Oxytet can reduce shedding and could reduce abortion if timing were precise (but that's unlikely in practice)
110
What mortality rate in ewes following S. abortus ovis is reported?
10-15%
111
Why do some farmers wihthold colostrum from lambs following S. abortusovis infection?
The bacteria is shed heavily in colostrum
112
At what stages can S. abortus ovis cause reproductive losses?
Any. Early infection shows as barren ewes. Later shows as abortion storms. Infection at term can lead to perinatal mortality.
113
Which Chalmydial life stage replicates by binary fission within cells?
Reticulate body
114
Although ewes that have aborted with EAE will not abort again, they continue to shed bacteria - when does this shedding peak?
Around oestrus and subsequent parturitions
115
What lesions are seen on placental histopathology after EAE abortion?
Thromboemboli with mononuclear and neutrophilic inflammation
116
If the placenta cannot be found, which cytological sample can help to diagnose EAE?
Cervical mucus smear
117
How are clinical cases of Schmallenberg diagnosed?
RT-PCR
118
What reproductive signs can be seen in pregnant sheep infected with Schmallenberg?
What additional sign has been described in East Friesian Milk sheep?
Hydramnion, dystocia, extended pregnancy
Diarrhoea
119
Are sheep or goats more vulnerable to Schmallenberg virus?
sheep
