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Small ruminants > Neurological > Flashcards

Neurological Flashcards

1
Q

Which nerves are tested by the menace response?

A

Optic (II) and Facia (VII)

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2
Q

Which nerves are tested by the PLR?

A

Optic (II) and Oculomotor (III)

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3
Q

What nerves are tested by assessing eye movement?

A

Oculomotor (III), Torchlear (IV) and Abducens (VI)

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4
Q

What nerves are tested by the palpebral and corneal reflexes?

A

Trigeminal (V), Abducens (VI) and Facial (VII)

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5
Q

What nerve is tested by assessing facial expression/symmetry?

A

Facial (VII)

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6
Q

What nerve is indicated in case of a head tilt?

A

Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

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7
Q

What nerves are assessed by checking the swallow?

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X)

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8
Q

What nerve is assessed by observing tongue function?

A

Hypoglossal (XII)

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9
Q

What is the normal concentration of cells in the CSF? What morphology are they?

A

<10 cells/ul. Mostly mononuclear

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10
Q

What are the normal CSF protein concentrations in sheep and goats?

A

Sheep: <40mg/dl
Goats: <15mg/dl

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11
Q

What husbandry procedures are associated with bacterial meningitis? What is a predisposing factor?

A

Tail docking and disbudding.
Failure of passive transfer

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12
Q

How can clostridial β toxin cause neurological disease?

A

Activates membrane ion channels

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13
Q

How does clostridial ε toxin cause neurological disease?

A

Causes multiorgan oedema, especially in the thalamus, leading to focal encephalomalacia (blindness, wandering)

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14
Q

How many SRLV serogroups are there?

A

A: 15
B: 3
C: 1
E: 2

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15
Q

Where is SRLV-C found?

A

Norway

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16
Q

Which SRLV group causes MV-like symptoms?

A

Group A

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17
Q

Which SRLV group causes CAEV-like symptoms?

A

Group B

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18
Q

Why is SRLV-E1 less pathogenic?

A

It struggles to replicate in cells other than macrophages.

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19
Q

How far can SRLV transmit aerogenously?

A

<4 metres

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20
Q

What proportion of lambs from SRLV-infected dams are infected within 4h?

A

16%

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21
Q

Is the clinical course of Srlv shorter in sheep or goats?

A

More rapid progression in goats

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22
Q

What changes are seen in the CSF of neurological SRLV cases?

A

Increased protein, pleocytosis

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23
Q

Which antigens are used in SRLV ELISAs?

A

tmem and p25

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24
Q

Why is vaccine production and serology in SRLV challenging?

A

Errors in replication of env gene lead to antigenic variation. Co-infecting strains can also recombine.

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25
Q

Describe the three neurohistological patterns seen in SRLV infection.

A

Perivascular cuffing with mononuclear cells
Non-purulent infiltration
Malacia and demyelination

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26
Q

Malacic neuropathology in SRLV is associated with which inflmmatory cell type

A

Histiocytes (vs lymphocytes in other neuropathology types)

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27
Q

False positive SRLV tests have been associated with a poorly purified vaccine against which disease?

A

BTV

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28
Q

List the 6 general approaches to flock/herd-level SRLV control

A

Total cull
Separation into 2 herds
Artificial rearing
Selective culling (+/- progeny)
Gradual replacement without culling
Breeding for resistance

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29
Q

Which haplotypes have been associated with reduced SRLV transmission

A

Sheep: TEM154
Goats: Apobec3Z1 and CCR5

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30
Q

What impact does SRLV infection have on milk yield

A

6.7% reduction

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31
Q

What impact does SRLV infection have on lamb weight at weaning?

A

5kg lighter

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32
Q

In which part of the tick do Tick-Bourne Encephalitis Viruses survive?

A

Salivary glands

33
Q

To what family do Tick-Bourne Encephalitis VIruses belong?

A

Flavivirus (+RNA)

34
Q

In which host tissues doe TBEVs replicate?

A

Lymph nodes

35
Q

How long does it take for TBEVs to invade the CNS?

A

6-20 days

36
Q

What neuropathology do TBEVs cause?

A

Non-suppurative inflammation,
perivascular cuffing,
neuronal degeneration especially Purkinje cells

37
Q

Describe the three stages of TBEV

A

1 - Pyrexia, anoroxia, constipation, depression
2 - Tremors hyperaesthesia, ataxia, hypermetria
3 - Convulsions, death

38
Q

How does TBEV differ from LIV?

A

Lower tropism for sheep and higher zoonotic potential

39
Q

Described the pathophysiology of polioencephalomalacia

A

Disruption of cerebral energy metabolism leads to intraceullar sodium and water accumulation, cuasing pressure necrosis.

40
Q

List gross signs of PEM on post-mortem

A

Flattened, yellowed gyri. Cerebellar herniation. Autofluorescence under UV.

41
Q

List the clinical signs of PEM

A

Bilaterally symmetrical signs. Central blindness, tremors, Opisthotonus, nystagmus, seizures, head-pressing, hyperaesthesia, strabismus

42
Q

How does thiamine deficiency cause PEM?

A

It is a co-factor in the brain’s glycolytic pathway

43
Q

Name two plants that contian natural thiaminases

A

Horsetail, bracken fern

44
Q

List three sources of sulfur (a cause of PEM)

A

Borehole water, urinary acidifiers, cruciferous veg

45
Q

How does lead poisoning cause neurological signs?

A

Interferes with cerebral energy metabolism.

46
Q

What neurological signs does lead toxicity cause?

A

Central blindness, tremors, weakness, dullness/excitability

47
Q

List the non-neurological signs of lead toxicity

A

Anaemia, osteoporosis, diarrhoea, colic

48
Q

How is lead poisoning treated?

A

iv EDTA, thiamine, oral mag sulfate.

49
Q

List the signs of salt toxicity

A

Ataxia, blindness, nystagmus, opisthotonus, seizure, coma, death, intravascular haemolysis

50
Q

In which tissues is the physiological prion protein found?

A

Nervous and lymphoreticular

51
Q

Polymorphisms at which loci affect classical scrapie susceptibility in sheep?

A

136, 154, 171

52
Q

Polymorphisms at which loci affect atypical scrapie susceptibility in sheep?

A

141, 154

53
Q

Polymorphisms at which loci affect classical scrapie susceptibility in goats?

A

142, 154, 211, 222

54
Q

Polymorphisms at which loci affect atypical scrapie susceptibility in goats?

A

154

55
Q

How many classical scrapie risk categories are there in sheep? What are their genotypes?

A

1 ARR/ARR.
2 ARR/anything except VRQ
3 Anything excpet ARR or VRQ
4 ARR/VRQ
5 VRQ/anything else

56
Q

What effect does breeding for classical scrapie resistance have on atypical scrapie

A

ARR genotype increased risk of atypical scrapie

57
Q

Describe the neuropathology of scrapie

A

Non-inflammatory vaculoar degeneration of grey matter, occasionally with pathognomonic amyloid plaques

58
Q

List the clincial signs of scrapie

A

Wasting, pruritis, ataxia, behaviour changes, dysphagia, dysphonia

59
Q

Which regions of the brain are affected in Scrapie?

A

Classical scrapie: medulla and diencephalon
Atypical scrapie: cerebral cortex

60
Q

How is scrapie surveillance carried out? How is confirmation performed?

A

ELISA
confirmation by western blot / IHC

61
Q

List three dietary predisposing factors for urea (ammonia) toxicity

A

Poor quality fibre, insufficient carbohydrate, soybeans (urease content)

62
Q

List the clinical signs of urea toxicity

A

COlic, bloating, tremors, hyeraesthesia, weakness, ataxia, convulsions, death

63
Q

Name the endophyte and toxin that cause ryegrass staggers

A

Acremonium loliae
Lolitrem B

64
Q

What silage pH is associated with listeria multiplication?

A

> 5.5

65
Q

Describe the main sign seen in congential swayback

A

Spastic tetraparesis

66
Q

At what age does delayed swayback occur? How does it present? Can it be treated?

A

2-4 months
Hindlimb ataxia progressing to tetraparesis
No treatment

67
Q

Which breeds of sheep have a congenital cerebellar abiotrophy?

A

Charollais, merino, Wlitshire

68
Q

Cerebellar cortical abiotrophy (daft lamb) is seen in which breeds?

A

Corriedale, Drysdale, Welsh Mountain

69
Q

Star-gazing lambs are seen in which breeds of sheep?

A

Border Leicester, Coopworth

70
Q

Dandy-Walker lambs are seen in which breed?

A

Suffolk

71
Q

GM1-Gangliosidosis is seen in which breeds of sheep?

A

Coopworth, Suffolk

72
Q

Mucopolysaccharidosis 3D is seen in which breed of goat?

A

Nubian

73
Q

Neuraxonal dystrophy is seen in which breeds of sheep?

A

Merino, Romney, Suffolk

74
Q

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis is seen in which breeds of sheep?

A

Ramboulliet, Hampshire

75
Q

Spina bifida is seen in which breed of sheep?

A

Icelandic

76
Q

Spongiform leukencephalopathy is seen in which breed of sheep?

A

New Zealand breeds

77
Q

Thalamic cerebellar neuropathy is seen in which breed of sheep?

A

Merino

78
Q

B-Mannosidosis is seen in which breed of goat?

A

Nubian

Small ruminants (13 decks)

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