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Neurological Flashcards

1
Q

Which nerves are tested by the menace response?

A

Optic (II) and Facia (VII)

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2
Q

Which nerves are tested by the PLR?

A

Optic (II) and Oculomotor (III)

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3
Q

What nerves are tested by assessing eye movement?

A

Oculomotor (III), Torchlear (IV) and Abducens (VI)

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4
Q

What nerves are tested by the palpebral and corneal reflexes?

A

Trigeminal (V), Abducens (VI) and Facial (VII)

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5
Q

What nerve is tested by assessing facial expression/symmetry?

A

Facial (VII)

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6
Q

What nerve is indicated in case of a head tilt?

A

Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

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7
Q

What nerves are assessed by checking the swallow?

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X)

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8
Q

What nerve is assessed by observing tongue function?

A

Hypoglossal (XII)

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9
Q

What is the normal concentration of cells in the CSF? What morphology are they?

A

<10 cells/ul. Mostly mononuclear

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10
Q

What are the normal CSF protein concentrations in sheep and goats?

A

Sheep: <40mg/dl
Goats: <15mg/dl

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11
Q

What husbandry procedures are associated with bacterial meningitis? What is a predisposing factor?

A

Tail docking and disbudding.
Failure of passive transfer

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12
Q

How can clostridial β toxin cause neurological disease?

A

Activates membrane ion channels

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13
Q

How does clostridial ε toxin cause neurological disease?

A

Causes multiorgan oedema, especially in the thalamus, leading to focal encephalomalacia (blindness, wandering)

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14
Q

How many SRLV serogroups are there?

A

A: 15
B: 3
C: 1
E: 2

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15
Q

Where is SRLV-C found?

A

Norway

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16
Q

Which SRLV group causes MV-like symptoms?

A

Group A

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17
Q

Which SRLV group causes CAEV-like symptoms?

A

Group B

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18
Q

Why is SRLV-E1 less pathogenic?

A

It struggles to replicate in cells other than macrophages.

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19
Q

How far can SRLV transmit aerogenously?

A

<4 metres

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20
Q

What proportion of lambs from SRLV-infected dams are infected within 4h?

A

16%

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21
Q

Is the clinical course of Srlv shorter in sheep or goats?

A

More rapid progression in goats

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22
Q

What changes are seen in the CSF of neurological SRLV cases?

A

Increased protein, pleocytosis

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23
Q

Which antigens are used in SRLV ELISAs?

A

tmem and p25

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24
Q

Why is vaccine production and serology in SRLV challenging?

A

Errors in replication of env gene lead to antigenic variation. Co-infecting strains can also recombine.

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25
Describe the three neurohistological patterns seen in SRLV infection.
Perivascular cuffing with mononuclear cells Non-purulent infiltration Malacia and demyelination
26
Malacic neuropathology in SRLV is associated with which inflmmatory cell type
Histiocytes (vs lymphocytes in other neuropathology types)
27
False positive SRLV tests have been associated with a poorly purified vaccine against which disease?
BTV
28
List the 6 general approaches to flock/herd-level SRLV control
Total cull Separation into 2 herds Artificial rearing Selective culling (+/- progeny) Gradual replacement without culling Breeding for resistance
29
Which haplotypes have been associated with reduced SRLV transmission
Sheep: TEM154 Goats: Apobec3Z1 and CCR5
30
What impact does SRLV infection have on milk yield
6.7% reduction
31
What impact does SRLV infection have on lamb weight at weaning?
5kg lighter
32
In which part of the tick do Tick-Bourne Encephalitis Viruses survive?
Salivary glands
33
To what family do Tick-Bourne Encephalitis VIruses belong?
Flavivirus (+RNA)
34
In which host tissues doe TBEVs replicate?
Lymph nodes
35
How long does it take for TBEVs to invade the CNS?
6-20 days
36
What neuropathology do TBEVs cause?
Non-suppurative inflammation, perivascular cuffing, neuronal degeneration especially Purkinje cells
37
Describe the three stages of TBEV
1 - Pyrexia, anoroxia, constipation, depression 2 - Tremors hyperaesthesia, ataxia, hypermetria 3 - Convulsions, death
38
How does TBEV differ from LIV?
Lower tropism for sheep and higher zoonotic potential
39
Described the pathophysiology of polioencephalomalacia
Disruption of cerebral energy metabolism leads to intraceullar sodium and water accumulation, cuasing pressure necrosis.
40
List gross signs of PEM on post-mortem
Flattened, yellowed gyri. Cerebellar herniation. Autofluorescence under UV.
41
List the clinical signs of PEM
Bilaterally symmetrical signs. Central blindness, tremors, Opisthotonus, nystagmus, seizures, head-pressing, hyperaesthesia, strabismus
42
How does thiamine deficiency cause PEM?
It is a co-factor in the brain's glycolytic pathway
43
Name two plants that contian natural thiaminases
Horsetail, bracken fern
44
List three sources of sulfur (a cause of PEM)
Borehole water, urinary acidifiers, cruciferous veg
45
How does lead poisoning cause neurological signs?
Interferes with cerebral energy metabolism.
46
What neurological signs does lead toxicity cause?
Central blindness, tremors, weakness, dullness/excitability
47
List the non-neurological signs of lead toxicity
Anaemia, osteoporosis, diarrhoea, colic
48
How is lead poisoning treated?
iv EDTA, thiamine, oral mag sulfate.
49
List the signs of salt toxicity
Ataxia, blindness, nystagmus, opisthotonus, seizure, coma, death, intravascular haemolysis
50
In which tissues is the physiological prion protein found?
Nervous and lymphoreticular
51
Polymorphisms at which loci affect classical scrapie susceptibility in sheep?
136, 154, 171
52
Polymorphisms at which loci affect atypical scrapie susceptibility in sheep?
141, 154
53
Polymorphisms at which loci affect classical scrapie susceptibility in goats?
142, 154, 211, 222
54
Polymorphisms at which loci affect atypical scrapie susceptibility in goats?
154
55
How many classical scrapie risk categories are there in sheep? What are their genotypes?
1 ARR/ARR. 2 ARR/anything except VRQ 3 Anything excpet ARR or VRQ 4 ARR/VRQ 5 VRQ/anything else
56
What effect does breeding for classical scrapie resistance have on atypical scrapie
ARR genotype increased risk of atypical scrapie
57
Describe the neuropathology of scrapie
Non-inflammatory vaculoar degeneration of grey matter, occasionally with pathognomonic amyloid plaques
58
List the clincial signs of scrapie
Wasting, pruritis, ataxia, behaviour changes, dysphagia, dysphonia
59
Which regions of the brain are affected in Scrapie?
Classical scrapie: medulla and diencephalon Atypical scrapie: cerebral cortex
60
How is scrapie surveillance carried out? How is confirmation performed?
ELISA confirmation by western blot / IHC
61
List three dietary predisposing factors for urea (ammonia) toxicity
Poor quality fibre, insufficient carbohydrate, soybeans (urease content)
62
List the clinical signs of urea toxicity
COlic, bloating, tremors, hyeraesthesia, weakness, ataxia, convulsions, death
63
Name the endophyte and toxin that cause ryegrass staggers
Acremonium loliae Lolitrem B
64
What silage pH is associated with listeria multiplication?
>5.5
65
Describe the main sign seen in congential swayback
Spastic tetraparesis
66
At what age does delayed swayback occur? How does it present? Can it be treated?
2-4 months Hindlimb ataxia progressing to tetraparesis No treatment
67
Which breeds of sheep have a congenital cerebellar abiotrophy?
Charollais, merino, Wlitshire
68
Cerebellar cortical abiotrophy (daft lamb) is seen in which breeds?
Corriedale, Drysdale, Welsh Mountain
69
Star-gazing lambs are seen in which breeds of sheep?
Border Leicester, Coopworth
70
Dandy-Walker lambs are seen in which breed?
Suffolk
71
GM1-Gangliosidosis is seen in which breeds of sheep?
Coopworth, Suffolk
72
Mucopolysaccharidosis 3D is seen in which breed of goat?
Nubian
73
Neuraxonal dystrophy is seen in which breeds of sheep?
Merino, Romney, Suffolk
74
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis is seen in which breeds of sheep?
Ramboulliet, Hampshire
75
Spina bifida is seen in which breed of sheep?
Icelandic
76
Spongiform leukencephalopathy is seen in which breed of sheep?
New Zealand breeds
77
Thalamic cerebellar neuropathy is seen in which breed of sheep?
Merino
78
B-Mannosidosis is seen in which breed of goat?
Nubian

Small ruminants (13 decks)

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