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Small ruminants > Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of fainting goat syndrome (myotonia congenita).
Is it restricted to goats?

A

Autosomal (incomplete) dominant mutation in chloride channels. (Homozygotes more severely affected than heterozygotes.) Cuases hyperexcitability of the sarcolemma, meaning muscles can’t relax after contraction.
One case reported in a flock of sheep in Spain.

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2
Q

Which 4 breeds of sheep are associated with spider lamb syndrome?

A

Suffolk, Hampshire, Oxford, Shropshire

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3
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of spider lamb syndrome. Why is it less common now?

A

Codominant mutation in fibroblast growth factor 3 causes excessive skeletal growth (congenital or developing in first 6 weeks of life)
Commercial DNA test.

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4
Q

Which two virus families are associated with arthrogryposis?

A

Bunyavirus and Pestivirus

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5
Q

In which species has inherited polydactyly been reported?

A

Goats

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6
Q

Which radiographic view is used to visualise the trochlear groove in cases of patellar luxation?

A

Skyline

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7
Q

Which surgical tecnhiques are described for patellar luxation?

A

Release and imbrication
Trochleoplasty
Tibial crest relocation

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8
Q

Which breed is predisposed to spastic paresis. What is the treatment?

A

Pygmy goat. Tibial neurectomy

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9
Q

What dose of oxytet is recommended for treating carpal contracture?

A

30-60mg/kg iv

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10
Q

Which bacteria is assocaited with outbreaks of polyarthritis in lambs and kids <1 month of age?

A

Streptococcus dysgalactiae

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11
Q

Which bacteria is associated with outbreaks of poluarthritis in lambs >1 month old?

A

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

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12
Q

List three bacterai associated with sporadic polyarthritis in younf animals

A

E coli, T pyogenes, Pasteurella spp.

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12
Q

Which bacteria is associated with polyarthritis associated with tick bites. What is the predisposing concurrent pathogen? Which tick species?

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Ixodes ricinus

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12
Q

What cell count and cell type are seen in the synovial fluid in cases of septic arthritis?

A

> 30,000 cells/ml
75% neutrophils

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12
Q

Which intracellular pathogen is associated with polarthritis in young lambs and kids?

A

Chlamydophila pecorum

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13
Q

Which 4 mycoplasma strains are associated with arthritis?

A

M. mycoides capri (Mmc)
M. capricolum capricolum (Mcc)
M. agalactiae
M. putrefasciens

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14
Q

How can vertical transmission of mycoplasmas be reduced?

A

Heat treating colostrum/milk

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14
Q

Is lyme’s disease a significant pathogen in small ruminants?

A

Probably not, 40% of sheep in Scotland are seropositive but only very rare case reports associated with lameness.

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15
Q

Which bacteria causes blackleg?

A

Clostridum chauvoei

16
Q

Name three microscopic sarcocystis species and two macroscopic. Which are more pathogenic?

A

Microscopic are more pathogenic.
Micro: S. arieticanis/capracanis (sheep/goats), S. tenella
Macro: S. medusiformis, S. gigantea

17
Q

Decribe the clincial syndromes associated with sarcocystosis

A

Myositis or peripheral neuropathy - Laryngeal paralysis, megaoesophagus.
Encephalomyelitis - hind limb paralysis or central signs.
Rarely abortion.

18
Q

List five factors that affect selenium uptake by plants

A

Rainfall, pH, Season, Species, N/P fertiliser

19
Q

List four factors that can depress selenium uptake in small ruminants

A

Competion from other minerals
Inhibition by fats
Sulfates
Nitrates

20
Q

What foodstuff is associated with low Vitamin E

A

Poorly conserved forages

21
Q

Which muslces are most severely affected in white muscle disease?

A

Heart and diaphragm

22
Q

What effect des white muscle disease have on the immune system?

A

Reduced neutrophilic responses

23
Q

Which breed has a inherited form of Rickets?

A

Corriedale

24
Q

Name four toxins associated with rickets

A

Oxalates, lead, fluoride, aluminium

25
Q

Name two nutritional deficiencies assocaited with rickets

A

Vitamin D, Ca/P

26
Q

Describe the pthology of rickets

A

Widened diaphyses and bent metaphyses. Shifting lameness. Delayed dental eruption.

27
Q

What biochemical change is seen in Rickets?

A

Elevated ALKP

28
Q

What can aseptic epiphysitis be caused by?

A

High grain feeding during growth. Trauma.

29
Q

Which breed is associated with osteochondrosis

A

Suffolk

30
Q

Described the cytological appearance of Dichelobacter nodosus

A

Large gram negative barbell-rods

31
Q

Which virulence factors define D. nodosus pathogenicity? Which are used for serotyping?

A

Keratinolytic proteases (AprV2, AprV5 and BprV)
Type IV fimbriae

Fimbriae used for serotyping

32
Q

How long can D. nodosus survive in soil

A

> 30 days

33
Q

Is D. nodosus more pathogenic in sheep or goats?

A

Sheep

34
Q

In what timeframe is footrot treatment most successful?

A

First 3 days

35
Q

What concentration of formaldehyde should be used for footbathing

A

2-5%

36
Q

What concentration of Zinc Sulphate should be used for footbathing? What standtime and frequency?

A

Literature very mixed. Reports range from 10-18% solutions, 15% possibly most popular.
Minimum stand of 10 mins, up to 1h reported. Drying afterwards arguably more important.
Reports of cure with 5 daily footbaths, or alternatively weekly for 6-19 weeks

37
Q

How many serogroups should be included in a D. nodosus vaccine for maximal effect?

What if there are more than that on farm?

How many serotypes in Footvax?

A

1 or 2
Alternate vaccines every 3 months
9 - a compromise for use in high diversity/prevalence areas

38
Q

Where has CODD been reported?

A

Initially just UK, now also Sweden, Germany and Switzerland.

39
Q

Name three species of spriochaete associated with CODD

A

Treponema pedis, medium and phagedenis

40
Q

How can CODD pathogens be identified?

A

ELISA serology, mulitplexed PCR

41
Q

What is the clinical cure rate for CODD with amoxicillin treatment?

A

90%

42
Q

List the five elements of the five-point plan for lameness

A

Quarantine, Treat, Avoid, Vaccinate, Cull

Small ruminants (13 decks)

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