Musculoskeletal

Question 1

Describe the pathogenesis of fainting goat syndrome (myotonia congenita).
Is it restricted to goats?

Answer 1

Autosomal (incomplete) dominant mutation in chloride channels. (Homozygotes more severely affected than heterozygotes.) Cuases hyperexcitability of the sarcolemma, meaning muscles can’t relax after contraction.
One case reported in a flock of sheep in Spain.

Question 2

Which 4 breeds of sheep are associated with spider lamb syndrome?

Answer 2

Suffolk, Hampshire, Oxford, Shropshire

Question 3

Describe the pathogenesis of spider lamb syndrome. Why is it less common now?

Answer 3

Codominant mutation in fibroblast growth factor 3 causes excessive skeletal growth (congenital or developing in first 6 weeks of life)
Commercial DNA test.

Question 4

Which two virus families are associated with arthrogryposis?

Answer 4

Bunyavirus and Pestivirus

Question 5

In which species has inherited polydactyly been reported?

Answer 5

Goats

Question 6

Which radiographic view is used to visualise the trochlear groove in cases of patellar luxation?

Answer 6

Skyline

Question 7

Which surgical tecnhiques are described for patellar luxation?

Answer 7

Release and imbrication
Trochleoplasty
Tibial crest relocation

Question 8

Which breed is predisposed to spastic paresis. What is the treatment?

Answer 8

Pygmy goat. Tibial neurectomy

Question 9

What dose of oxytet is recommended for treating carpal contracture?

Answer 9

30-60mg/kg iv

Question 10

Which bacteria is assocaited with outbreaks of polyarthritis in lambs and kids <1 month of age?

Answer 10

Streptococcus dysgalactiae

Question 11

Which bacteria is associated with outbreaks of poluarthritis in lambs >1 month old?

Answer 11

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Question 12

List three bacterai associated with sporadic polyarthritis in younf animals

Answer 12

E coli, T pyogenes, Pasteurella spp.

Question 12

Which bacteria is associated with polyarthritis associated with tick bites. What is the predisposing concurrent pathogen? Which tick species?

Answer 12

Staphylococcus aureus
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Ixodes ricinus

Question 12

What cell count and cell type are seen in the synovial fluid in cases of septic arthritis?

Answer 12

> 30,000 cells/ml
75% neutrophils

Question 12

Which intracellular pathogen is associated with polarthritis in young lambs and kids?

Answer 12

Chlamydophila pecorum

Question 13

Which 4 mycoplasma strains are associated with arthritis?

Answer 13

M. mycoides capri (Mmc)
M. capricolum capricolum (Mcc)
M. agalactiae
M. putrefasciens

Question 14

How can vertical transmission of mycoplasmas be reduced?

Answer 14

Heat treating colostrum/milk

Question 14

Is lyme’s disease a significant pathogen in small ruminants?

Answer 14

Probably not, 40% of sheep in Scotland are seropositive but only very rare case reports associated with lameness.

Question 15

Which bacteria causes blackleg?

Answer 15

Clostridum chauvoei

Question 16

Name three microscopic sarcocystis species and two macroscopic. Which are more pathogenic?

Answer 16

Microscopic are more pathogenic.
Micro: S. arieticanis/capracanis (sheep/goats), S. tenella
Macro: S. medusiformis, S. gigantea

Question 17

Decribe the clincial syndromes associated with sarcocystosis

Answer 17

Myositis or peripheral neuropathy - Laryngeal paralysis, megaoesophagus.
Encephalomyelitis - hind limb paralysis or central signs.
Rarely abortion.

Question 18

List five factors that affect selenium uptake by plants

Answer 18

Rainfall, pH, Season, Species, N/P fertiliser

Question 19

List four factors that can depress selenium uptake in small ruminants

Answer 19

Competion from other minerals
Inhibition by fats
Sulfates
Nitrates

Question 20

What foodstuff is associated with low Vitamin E

Answer 20

Poorly conserved forages

Question 21

Which muslces are most severely affected in white muscle disease?

Answer 21

Heart and diaphragm

Question 22

What effect des white muscle disease have on the immune system?

Answer 22

Reduced neutrophilic responses

Question 23

Which breed has a inherited form of Rickets?

Answer 23

Corriedale

Question 24

Name four toxins associated with rickets

Answer 24

Oxalates, lead, fluoride, aluminium

Question 25

Name two nutritional deficiencies assocaited with rickets

Answer 25

Vitamin D, Ca/P

Question 26

Describe the pthology of rickets

Answer 26

Widened diaphyses and bent metaphyses. Shifting lameness. Delayed dental eruption.

Question 27

What biochemical change is seen in Rickets?

Answer 27

Elevated ALKP

Question 28

What can aseptic epiphysitis be caused by?

Answer 28

High grain feeding during growth. Trauma.

Question 29

Which breed is associated with osteochondrosis

Answer 29

Suffolk

Question 30

Described the cytological appearance of Dichelobacter nodosus

Answer 30

Large gram negative barbell-rods

Question 31

Which virulence factors define D. nodosus pathogenicity? Which are used for serotyping?

Answer 31

Keratinolytic proteases (AprV2, AprV5 and BprV) Type IV fimbriae Fimbriae used for serotyping

Question 32

How long can D. nodosus survive in soil

Answer 32

>30 days

Question 33

Is D. nodosus more pathogenic in sheep or goats?

Answer 33

Sheep

Question 34

In what timeframe is footrot treatment most successful?

Answer 34

First 3 days

Question 35

What concentration of formaldehyde should be used for footbathing

Answer 35

2-5%

Question 36

What concentration of Zinc Sulphate should be used for footbathing? What standtime and frequency?

Answer 36

Literature very mixed. Reports range from 10-18% solutions, 15% possibly most popular. Minimum stand of 10 mins, up to 1h reported. Drying afterwards arguably more important. Reports of cure with 5 daily footbaths, or alternatively weekly for 6-19 weeks

Question 37

How many serogroups should be included in a D. nodosus vaccine for maximal effect? What if there are more than that on farm? How many serotypes in Footvax?

Answer 37

1 or 2 Alternate vaccines every 3 months 9 - a compromise for use in high diversity/prevalence areas

Question 38

Where has CODD been reported?

Answer 38

Initially just UK, now also Sweden, Germany and Switzerland.

Question 39

Name three species of spriochaete associated with CODD

Answer 39

Treponema pedis, medium and phagedenis

Question 40

How can CODD pathogens be identified?

Answer 40

ELISA serology, mulitplexed PCR

Question 41

What is the clinical cure rate for CODD with amoxicillin treatment?

Answer 41

90%

Question 42

List the five elements of the five-point plan for lameness

Answer 42

Quarantine, Treat, Avoid, Vaccinate, Cull