Musculoskeletal Flashcards
Describe the pathogenesis of fainting goat syndrome (myotonia congenita).
Is it restricted to goats?
Autosomal (incomplete) dominant mutation in chloride channels. (Homozygotes more severely affected than heterozygotes.) Cuases hyperexcitability of the sarcolemma, meaning muscles can’t relax after contraction.
One case reported in a flock of sheep in Spain.
Which 4 breeds of sheep are associated with spider lamb syndrome?
Suffolk, Hampshire, Oxford, Shropshire
Describe the pathogenesis of spider lamb syndrome. Why is it less common now?
Codominant mutation in fibroblast growth factor 3 causes excessive skeletal growth (congenital or developing in first 6 weeks of life)
Commercial DNA test.
Which two virus families are associated with arthrogryposis?
Bunyavirus and Pestivirus
In which species has inherited polydactyly been reported?
Goats
Which radiographic view is used to visualise the trochlear groove in cases of patellar luxation?
Skyline
Which surgical tecnhiques are described for patellar luxation?
Release and imbrication
Trochleoplasty
Tibial crest relocation
Which breed is predisposed to spastic paresis. What is the treatment?
Pygmy goat. Tibial neurectomy
What dose of oxytet is recommended for treating carpal contracture?
30-60mg/kg iv
Which bacteria is assocaited with outbreaks of polyarthritis in lambs and kids <1 month of age?
Streptococcus dysgalactiae
Which bacteria is associated with outbreaks of poluarthritis in lambs >1 month old?
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
List three bacterai associated with sporadic polyarthritis in younf animals
E coli, T pyogenes, Pasteurella spp.
Which bacteria is associated with polyarthritis associated with tick bites. What is the predisposing concurrent pathogen? Which tick species?
Staphylococcus aureus
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Ixodes ricinus
What cell count and cell type are seen in the synovial fluid in cases of septic arthritis?
> 30,000 cells/ml
75% neutrophils
Which intracellular pathogen is associated with polarthritis in young lambs and kids?
Chlamydophila pecorum
Which 4 mycoplasma strains are associated with arthritis?
M. mycoides capri (Mmc)
M. capricolum capricolum (Mcc)
M. agalactiae
M. putrefasciens
How can vertical transmission of mycoplasmas be reduced?
Heat treating colostrum/milk
Is lyme’s disease a significant pathogen in small ruminants?
Probably not, 40% of sheep in Scotland are seropositive but only very rare case reports associated with lameness.
Which bacteria causes blackleg?
Clostridum chauvoei
Name three microscopic sarcocystis species and two macroscopic. Which are more pathogenic?
Microscopic are more pathogenic.
Micro: S. arieticanis/capracanis (sheep/goats), S. tenella
Macro: S. medusiformis, S. gigantea
Decribe the clincial syndromes associated with sarcocystosis
Myositis or peripheral neuropathy - Laryngeal paralysis, megaoesophagus.
Encephalomyelitis - hind limb paralysis or central signs.
Rarely abortion.
List five factors that affect selenium uptake by plants
Rainfall, pH, Season, Species, N/P fertiliser
List four factors that can depress selenium uptake in small ruminants
Competion from other minerals
Inhibition by fats
Sulfates
Nitrates
What foodstuff is associated with low Vitamin E
Poorly conserved forages
Which muslces are most severely affected in white muscle disease?
Heart and diaphragm
What effect des white muscle disease have on the immune system?
Reduced neutrophilic responses
Which breed has a inherited form of Rickets?
Corriedale
Name four toxins associated with rickets
Oxalates, lead, fluoride, aluminium
Name two nutritional deficiencies assocaited with rickets
Vitamin D, Ca/P
Describe the pthology of rickets
Widened diaphyses and bent metaphyses. Shifting lameness. Delayed dental eruption.
What biochemical change is seen in Rickets?
Elevated ALKP
What can aseptic epiphysitis be caused by?
High grain feeding during growth. Trauma.
Which breed is associated with osteochondrosis
Suffolk
Described the cytological appearance of Dichelobacter nodosus
Large gram negative barbell-rods
Which virulence factors define D. nodosus pathogenicity? Which are used for serotyping?
Keratinolytic proteases (AprV2, AprV5 and BprV)
Type IV fimbriae
Fimbriae used for serotyping
How long can D. nodosus survive in soil
> 30 days
Is D. nodosus more pathogenic in sheep or goats?
Sheep
In what timeframe is footrot treatment most successful?
First 3 days
What concentration of formaldehyde should be used for footbathing
2-5%
What concentration of Zinc Sulphate should be used for footbathing? What standtime and frequency?
Literature very mixed. Reports range from 10-18% solutions, 15% possibly most popular.
Minimum stand of 10 mins, up to 1h reported. Drying afterwards arguably more important.
Reports of cure with 5 daily footbaths, or alternatively weekly for 6-19 weeks
How many serogroups should be included in a D. nodosus vaccine for maximal effect?
What if there are more than that on farm?
How many serotypes in Footvax?
1 or 2
Alternate vaccines every 3 months
9 - a compromise for use in high diversity/prevalence areas
Where has CODD been reported?
Initially just UK, now also Sweden, Germany and Switzerland.
Name three species of spriochaete associated with CODD
Treponema pedis, medium and phagedenis
How can CODD pathogens be identified?
ELISA serology, mulitplexed PCR
What is the clinical cure rate for CODD with amoxicillin treatment?
90%
List the five elements of the five-point plan for lameness
Quarantine, Treat, Avoid, Vaccinate, Cull
