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Small ruminants > Mammary > Flashcards

Mammary Flashcards

1
Q

Waht is the heritability of medial suspensory ligament conformation?

A

0.33

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2
Q

How many litres of milk can an East Friesian goat give per lactation?

A

450l

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3
Q

How many litres of milk can a Lacaune sheep give per lactation?

A

290l

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4
Q

What is the record annual milk production for a Californian dairy goat?

A

> 1200l

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5
Q

List 7 physiological factors that affect SCC

A

DIM, parity, oestrus, nutrition, stress, genetics, daylight

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6
Q

What is the heritability of SCC in sheep and goats?

A

0.1-0.15 in sheep. 0.2-0.25 in goats

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7
Q

How is the balance of cells in the milk altered in mastitis?

A

More neutrophils relative to normal macrophages

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8
Q

Which bacteria are the most common agents of subclinical mastitis in small ruminants? Name two species from the group

A

Coagulase negative staphylococci. E.g. epidermidis, caprae

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9
Q

What is the cure rate for subclinical mastitis during the dry period on sheep and goats?

A

Sheep: 35-67%
Goats: 20-60%

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10
Q

Which period of lactation is associated with most new cases of mastitis? Why?

A

First thrid. Start of machine milking and suckle-to-machine transition.

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11
Q

List four main areas of focus for mastitis control programmes

A

Milking routine, hygeine, drying-off, culling

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12
Q

Name the two main reservoirs for mastitis-causing staph. and strep.

A

Mastitic udders and skin

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13
Q

What is the frequency of environmental mastitis compared to cattle? What implications does this have for teat dipping?

A

Much less frequent. Pre-dipping is less important and has less evidence supporting it, but is still recommended

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14
Q

What evidence is there to support the use of post-milking teat dipping?

A

It reduces SCCs and reduces new infections by 30-40%

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15
Q

Which animals should be milked first?

A

Clean, young and recently in milk animals

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16
Q

List three milking routine risk factors for hyperkeratosis

A

Overmilking, vigorous stripping, claw removal under vacuum

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17
Q

Is there any evidence for/against abrupt vs gradual dry off?

A

No evidence either way.

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18
Q

What effect do intramammary antibitoics have on the dry period sub-clinical mastitis cure rate?

A

Sheep: increases from 65% to 96%
Goats: increases from 50% to 93%

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19
Q

What threshold has been proposed for culling goats based on SCC (in mycoplasam free herds)

A

more than one SCC >2 million

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20
Q

In what circumstances are teat sealants valuable?

A

Where environmental mastitis is common

21
Q

What is the Vimco mastitis vaccine targetted against?

A

Staphylococcus aureus expressing biofilm components

22
Q

One study in Greece showed what reduction in mastitis cases with Vimco

A

44% reduction in clincial cases
33% reduction in subclinical cases

23
Q

What are the EU limits on bulk milk tank bacterial counts for small ruminants?

A

1.5million cfu/ml if heat treated
500,000 cfu/ml if not heat treated

24
Q

List 4 sources of high bulk milk tank bacteria counts

A

mastitis, dirty udders, dirty equipment, poor milk cooling

25
Q

What does a high preincubation bulk milk count suggest?

A

Equipment or milk cooling problems

26
Q

What does a high lab-pasteurised bulk milk count suggest?

A

Biofilm formation in equipment, or dirty udders

27
Q

What do high coliform counts suggest?

A

Very dirty udders or dirty equipment

28
Q

What prevalence of intramammary infections is suggested for sheep’s milk bulk tank SCCs of:
1million
500,000
250,000

A

35%
23%
16%

29
Q

What prevalence of intramammary infections has been suggested for goat’s milk bulk tank SCCs of:
1.5million
750,000

A

50%
30%

30
Q

What iSCC thresholds have been proposed for one-off iSCCs in sheep?

A

> 1mil = infected
500k-1mil = suspicious
<500k = clean

31
Q

What thresholds have been suggested for serial iSCCs in sheep and goats?

A

Lower threshold: 250k in sheep, 750k in goats
Upper threshold: 800k in sheep, 1.5mil in goats
Two+ values over upper threshold = mastitis
All under lower threshold = clean
Anything else = intermediate

32
Q

Describe how to perform a Caliofornia Mastitis test

A

Add one teaspoon of reagaent and one of milk to each paddle. Swirl for 10-30s and then tip out.
Score 1: starts to climb the sides when swirling but does not gel
Score 2: Starts to gel but still purs out
Score 3: Single mass of gel tips out together

33
Q

Describe one way to perform a milk quality crisis intervention.

A

Calculate individual animal SCC and bacterial controbutions to the bulk tnak by multiplying concentration by yield. Removing the worst 10% offenders from contributing to the tank can reduce bulk SCC by 99%

34
Q

List the range of syndromes seen with contagious agalactia (6)

A

Agalactia, fever, arthritis, keratoconjunctivitis, pneumonia, septicaemia

35
Q

List the 4 (sub)species potentially responsible for contagious agalactia.

A

M. agalactiae
M. mycoides capri (Mmc)
M. capricolum capricolum (Mcc)
M. putrefasciens

36
Q

By what routes is contagious agalactia shed and for how long?

A

Shed in all bodily fluids for months post infection

37
Q

What is the incubation period of contagious agalactia?

A

5-7 days

38
Q

Describe the clinical course of contagious agalactia mastitis

A

Over the course of three days milk will progress from watery, to thick and lumpy, to completely absent.

39
Q

What mortality rates are assocaited with contagious agalactia

A

Up to 100% in youngstock
0-50% in adults depending on strain, host and endemicity

40
Q

What is the sensitivity and specificity for Mycoplasma agalactiae serology in unvaccinated animals?

A

Se: 75-85%, Sp: 99%

41
Q

Describe the mammary histopathology in contagious agalactiae

A

Interstitial inflammation with mononuclear leukocytes around acini and ducts, and within ducts alongside desquamated epithelial cells.

42
Q

Is antibiotic treatment fo contagious agalactia successful?

A

Rarely and can induce carrier status. (Range of tissues infected, plus biofilm formation, makes antibiotic choice and interpretation of resistance tests impossible)

43
Q

How can contagious agalactia be controlled?

A

Test and separate/cull or endemic management with partially effective inactivated vaccines.

44
Q

Name two factors associated with precocious udder

A

Selection for high mlk yield. Production of PTHrP

45
Q

List 9 zoonotic pathogens of raw milk

A

C. jejuni
STEC
Listeria
Salmonella
Staph aureus
Coxiella
Brucella
Tuberculosis
TBEV

46
Q

By what cellular mechanism is small ruminant milk produced?

A

Apocrine secretion

47
Q

Which stain is used for direct microscopy of milk somatic cells?

A

Pyronin Y-methyl green

48
Q

Deficiencies of which micronutrients are associated with mastitis?

A

Vitamins A & E, Selenium

48
Q

List the four methods of somatic cell counting. What is counted in each?

A

Direct micrsocopy: Cells
Coulter counter: Particles
Fossomatic and DeLaval: DNA

Small ruminants (13 decks)

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