Transboundary Flashcards
Explain the categories of disease notification at an EU level
Cat A: Immediate removal (normally not present)
Cat B: Compulsory eradication
Cat C: optional eradication
Cat D: measures to prevent spread between member states
Cat E: surveillance only
What EU disease level is anthrax?
Category D
What signs are seen in anthrax in ruminants?
Fever, tremors, dyspnoea, sudden death. Bleeding from orifices.
Aujeszky’s disease (SuHV-1) can occasionally infect small ruminants. What signs are seen?
Pseudorabies - trembling, ataxia, opisthotonus, seizure
What EU category is BTV?
Cat C - optional eradication
How many BTV serotypes are there, how do thy vary? Is there any relationship with pathogenicity?
27, varying in VP7 structural protein. Lower serotypes seem to be more pathogenic.
How long is required for within midge replication of BTV?
6-8 days (after which the midge is infected for life) however, infectious immediately.
For how long are BTV hosts infected?
<60 days
List the clinical signs of BTV
Pyrexia
salivation
depression
dyspnoea
nasal discharge
hyperaemia of muzzle, lips, eyelids, ears
Ulceration and necrosis of oral mucosa
Broncholublar pneumonia
Hyperaemia of coronary band (plus groin, axilla, perinuem) -> lameness
How long is the incubation period for BTV in the host?
4-8 days
What signs are seen on PME of BTV cases?
Congestion, haemorrhage, ulceration & oedema of mucosae, broncholobular pneumonia, pleural & pericardial fluid, haemorrhage at base of pulmonary artery, LN hypertrophy, congestion of laminae
What diagnostic tests are used for BTV?
Realtime PCR. ELISA used for monitoring/pre-movement.
List three bunyaviruses that present principally with abortion and foetal malformations.
Schmellenberg, Akabane, Cache Vally
What signs are seen in bunyaviral foetal malformations? During which stage of gestatin do they occur
Arthrogryposis, hydrencephaly. 25-50days (possibly slightly later for Akabane)
Described the cytological appearance of Brucella mellitnesis
Gram negative coccobacillus
Through what routes are humans infected with B mellitensis?
Ingestion, inhalation, conjunctival
What stage of gestation does abortion occur with Brucella mellitensis? What is the pathology?
final 2 months. Cotyledon necrosis
In which fluids is B. mellitensis shed?
Milk, Vaginal/uterine, semen
How is B. mellitnesis abortion diagnosed.
PCR of aborted material. Positive serology strongly supportive.
How have Greece tried to control B. mellitensis? How should it be administered and why?
Vaccination with Rev-1. COnjunctivally - reduces cross-reactivity on serology.
What are the main signs of Brucella ovis infection?
Testicular swelling, reduced male fertility.
How can B. ovis be diagnosed?
Serum ELISA - although CFT test used for international trade as more standardised.
Which agent causes contagious caprine pleuropneumonia?
Mycoplasma capricolum capripneumoniae
What are the signs of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia?
What is seen on PME?
Anorexia, fever, dyspnoea, nasal discharge.
Unilateral sero-fibrinous pleuropneumonia with severe pleural effusion
How is caontgaious caprine pleuropneumonia diagnosed? How can serological cross-reaction be overcome?
PCR. latex agglutination cELISA
List the 7 serotypes of FMD. Is there cross-protection between them?
A, O, C, SAT-1, SAT-2, SAT-3, Asia-1
No cross protection