Multisystem/cardiovascular

Question 1

What protein level in silage is associated with higher quality colostrum?

Answer 1

12%

Question 2

What serum igG level can be used as a cut-off for FPT?

Answer 2

15mg/ml

Question 3

What Brix reading should sheep and goat colostrum be?

Answer 3

Sheep: >26.5%
Goats: >22%

Question 4

What serum total protein level can be used as a cut-off for FPT?

Answer 4

> 65g/dl

Question 5

What volume of plasma should be transfused to a neonate with FPT?

Answer 5

20-40ml/kg

Question 6

What proportion of yearlings were affected in a recent Spanish outbreak of Anaplasma ovis?

Answer 6

20%

Question 7

What signs were seen in a recent Spanish outbreak of Anaplasma ovis? Are these signs common?

Answer 7

Cachexia, anaemia, epiphora, sporadic abortion, jaundice
No - often more mild anameia +/- haemoglobinuria

Question 8

Which ticks transmit Anaplasma ovis?
Can any other speices act as vectors?

Answer 8

Hyalomma, Dermacentor, Rhipicephalus
Yes, sheep keds

Question 9

How is Anaplasma ovis diagnosed?

Answer 9

Blood smear (within RBCs) or PCR for clinical cases. Antibody detected 10 days.

Question 10

How long post infection with Anaplasma ovis does the anaemia peak?

Answer 10

44 days

Question 11

In endemic situations when are clinical Mycoplasma ovis cases often seen?

Answer 11

In youngstock c. 6 weeks after husbandry events

Question 12

In cases of Mycoplasma ovis, where are red blood cells lysed? What impact does this have on diagnosis? Are there exceptions to this?

Answer 12

Within the spleen. Blood smears are often false negative as infected cells removed to spleen. Sometimes oxidative damge can cause intravascular haemolysis leading to fever and icterus.

Question 13

Is Mycoplasma ovis zoonotic?

Answer 13

Yes in immunosuppressed people.

Question 14

Which babesia life-stage passes from tick to host?

Answer 14

Sporozoites

Question 15

Where do Babesia merozoites multiply?

Answer 15

RBCs

Question 16

Which ticks are the main vectors for Babesia? In which can transovarial transmission occur?

Answer 16

Rhipicephalus and Boophilus. Transovarial transmission in Rhipicephalus

Question 17

How is Mycoplasma ovis diagnosed?

Answer 17

PCR

Question 18

List the three Babesia spp that infect small ruminants? Which are most pathogenic?

Answer 18

Babesia ovis (worst in sheep)
Babesia motasi (worst in goats)
Babesia crassa (least pathogenic)

Question 19

How is babesiosis treated?

Answer 19

Imidocarb or Diminazene

Question 20

What environmental coniditons does Ixodes ricinus require?

Answer 20

80% humidity
>3C
vegetation cover > 6months

Question 21

What bacteria causes Heartwater?

Answer 21

Erlichia ruminantum

Question 22

Which parasites transmit heartwater?

Answer 22

Amblyomma

Question 23

What signs does heartwater cause? what is the pathophysiology?

Answer 23

Oedema in all tissues. In brain, giving nervous signs, and in lungs, leading to eventual death. Caused by damage to endothelial cells.

Question 24

How is heartwater diagnosed?

Answer 24

Smear of hippocampus

Question 25

How long can C. pseudotuberculosis survive in sheep dip? On fomites? In soil?

Answer 25

2 hours. 8 weeks. 8 months

Question 26

What protection rates are seen with CLA PLD vaccination? What implications does this have have usage?

Answer 26

25-90%. (Must use according to label.) Takes several years to control as infectious pressure gradually decreases.

Question 27

What effect does holding sheep together for more than 1 hour post-shearing have on CLA risk?

Answer 27

Increases risk 3 fold