Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 4 equine > Urinary > Flashcards

Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

Normal equine urine output

A

50-60 ml/kg/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Measures for poor kidney function

A

Leukocytosis
Anaemia due to reduced erythropoietin production in kidneys
Inflammatory markers
Azotemia
Bun: creatinine alterations (<10:1 with ARF, >15:1 with CRF)
Electrolytes
Protein
Albumin
Muscle enzymes
Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Is serum BUN or serum creatinine more sensitive for decrease in GFR

A

Serum creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens to USG in prerenal azotemia

A

Increases - hypersthenuric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Do horses with intrinsic renal azotemia develop hyposthenuria

A

No as kidney cannot actively dilute urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can the BUN: creatinine be reliably used to differentiate

A

Prerenal from renal azotemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia are most commonly seen with which kidney disease

A

Chronic renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What value is hyposthenuria

A

<1.008

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What values are isosthenuric

A

1.008-1.014

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What values are hypersthenuric

A

> 1.014

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the normal usg range for a horse

A

1.025-1.045

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why can you get false + protein on reagent strips

A

Equine urine is alkaline and strips are made for acidic urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the most common thing to see n sediment exam

A

Dicalcium phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How should you measure water intake in the horse

A

Turn off automatic waterers, keep on own, measure volumes drank across 3-5 24h periods and take average

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are causes of myoglobinuria

A

Exertional rhabdomyolysis
Post anaesthetic myopathy
Atypical myopathy
Immune mediated myopathies
Nutritional myopathies
Toxic myopathies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are causes of hemoglobinuria

A

Equine infectious anaemia
Immune mediated
Toxins (red maple leaf, copper, wild onion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are causes of haematuria

A

Exercised induced
Urolithiasis
UTI/pyelonephritis
Idiopathic renal haematuria
Idiopathic haemorrhagic cystitis
Urethral rents
Neoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Treatment for haemaglobinuria

A

Treat primary disease
+/- IV fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Treatment for UTI/pyelonephritis

A

Antimicrobials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Treatment for idiopathic renal haematuria

A

Supportive care+/- blood transfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Treatment for idiopathic hemorrhagic cystitis

A

Nsaids
TMPS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Treatment for urethral rents

A

Benign neglect
If causing anaemia or not resolving then surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Treatment for renal neoplasia

A

Unilateral nephrectomy or surgical removal/chemotherapy dependent on location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Overall best diagnostics for urinary disease

A

History and endoscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Signalment more prone to urolithiasis

A

Geldings due to long urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Diagnosis of cystic calculi of the bladder

A

Rectal palpation
Cystoscopy
Rectal ultrasound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Treatment of cystic calculi of the bladder

A

Surgery/lithotripsy
Manual removal of those under 10cm in the mare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Clinical signs of cystic calculi of the bladder

A

Dysuria
Stranguria
Pollakiuria
Haematuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Clinical signs of urethral calculi

A

Acute obstruction
Colic.
Posturing
Anuria
Blood at orifice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Diagnosis of urethral calculi

A

Urethroscopy
Pass urinary catheter
Abdominocentesis for bladder rupture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Treatment of urethral calculi

A

If upper - perineal urethrotomy
Lower - transendoscopic or surgical retrieval

32
Q

Clinical signs of nephroliths

A

Often none
Sometimes colic
Intermittent or persistent haematuria

33
Q

Diagnosis of nephroliths

A

Often incidental at PM
Plasma biochemistry for CRF if bilateral
Pigmenturia

34
Q

Treatment for nephroliths

A

Surgery +/- lithotripsy

35
Q

What does a red/brown pigmenturia with clear supernatant at the beginning of urination indicate

A

Haematuria from distal urethra

36
Q

What does a red/brown pigmenturia with clear supernatant throughout urination indicate

A

Kidney/ureter/bladder haematuria

37
Q

What does a red/brown pigmenturia with clear supernatant at the end of urination indicate

A

Bladder/proximal urethral haematuria

38
Q

What does brown/red urine, discoloured after centrifuging with pink serum colour indicate?

A

Haemaglobinuria

39
Q

What does brown/red urine, discoloured after centrifuging with normal serum colour and increased CK indicate?

A

Myoglobinuria

40
Q

What does orange urine, haem -, bilirubin+ indicate

A

Liver disease

41
Q

What does orange urine, haem -, bilirubin - indicate

A

Drugs eg rifampin

42
Q

What is CKD

A

Chronic, irreversible damage of the kidneys over 3 months in duration

43
Q

What is the pathogenesis for CKD

A

Acute kidney injury
Maladaptive repair
Progressive scarring

44
Q

What are the two pathways acute kidney injury can take

A

Adaptive repair to resolution
Or
Maladaptive repair to progressive scarring

45
Q

Clinical signs of primary tubulointerstitial disease

A

Weightloss, pupd, central oedema

46
Q

Pathology associated with primary tubulointerstitial disease

A

History/clinical signs
Increased creatinine and hypercalcemia
Urinalysis - usg 1.009-1.014 and cytology of casts, tubular casts, neoplastic cells and leukocytes
Dipstick or proteinuria

47
Q

What can transabdominal ultrasound of kidneys show

A

Nephroliths
Kidney size

48
Q

What is best to do when requiring a kidney biopsy

A

Refer it

49
Q

What does primary glomerular disease show

A

Glomerular nephritis
Immune complex deposition

50
Q

How to manage CKD

A

Avoid toxic insults
Plenty of fresh water
Dietary management (low carb, low salt, balanced protein)

51
Q

Definition of polydipsia

A

Water consumption over 70-100ml/kg/day

52
Q

Affects on normal water intake

A

Temperature
Humidity
Level of exercise
Lactation

53
Q

Normal urine production

A

15-30ml/kg/day

54
Q

Define polyuria

A

> 50ml/kg/day

55
Q

Physiological causes of PUPD

A

Excessive protein consumption
Excessive salt consumption
Drugs eg glucocorticoids, furosemide, a-2 agonists

56
Q

Pathological causes of PUPD

A

Apparent psychogenic polydipsia
PPID
Chronic renal failure
Hepatic insufficiency
Sepsis/endotoxaemia
Renal medullary washout
Diabetes mellitus/insipidus

57
Q

How do you diagnose APP

A

Through exclusion

58
Q

Why does app occur

A

Boredom when stabled leading to polydipsia

59
Q

Management of APP

A

Restrict salt intake
Restrict water intake

60
Q

Clinical signs of PPID

A

Pupd in 76% of cases
Long curly coat
Weight loss/muscle wastage
Potbelly
Regional adiposity
Laminitis
Etc

61
Q

Difference between neurogenic and nephrogenic DI

A

Neurogenic - inadequate ADH secretion
Nephrogenic - decreased sensitivity to circulating ADH

62
Q

Difference between type 1 and type 2 DM

A

Type 1 - insulin dependent - lack of production
Type 2 - insulin independent - high insulin but tissues insensitive

63
Q

Causes of iatrogenic pupd

A

IV fluids
Diuretics
Corticosteroid therapy
Sedation with a2
Excessive dietary salt

64
Q

How does the water deprivation test differentiate app from di

A

App will concentrate urine
DI will not

65
Q

What is the modified water deprivation test

A

Allow water consumption of 40ml/kg/day in spread out amounts
Measure serum urea, creatinine and usg every 6 hours
Continue for 2-3 days
USG>1.020 = APP

66
Q

Serum ADH change after WDT

A

Normal is 1-2pg/ml
After 24h WD should increase to 4-8pg/ml
Failure to increase shows central DI

67
Q

ADH response test

A

Differentiates central and nephrogenic DI
Central concentrates urine after exogenous ADH
Nephrogenic has little or no response

68
Q

When is AKI common

A

In hospitalized horses

69
Q

Definition of ARF

A

Advanced decline in GFR over days to hours
Clinical signs and pathology associated with this

70
Q

Causes of ARF

A

Haemodynamic
Nephrotoxic
Uncommon
- interstitial nephritis
- obstructive nephropathy
Rare
- acute glomerulopathies

71
Q

Predisposing diseases to ARF

A

D+
SIRS/mods
Myopathies

72
Q

Clinical signs of ARF

A

Predisposing disease
Colic
Fever
Urine output

73
Q

Clinical pathology of ARF

A

History, clinical signs and lab findings
Increased creatinine
USG - 1.008-1.016
Urine dipstick
- proteinuria
- haeme
Serum electrolytes
- hyponatremia
- hypochloremia
- variable potassium

74
Q

What are renal biopsies useful for

A

Learning aetiology
Prognosticator

75
Q

Treatment for ARF

A

Cease nephrotoxic drugs
Manage primary disease
IVFT

76
Q

Prognosis for ARF

A

Haemodynamic - if primary disease in treated and perfusion improves
Nephrotoxic - dependent on urine output and improved serum creatinine
Oliguric and anuric - poor to guarded, increased if converted to polyuria

Year 4 equine (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions