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Year 4 equine > Horses Feet > Flashcards

Horses Feet Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of toxic laminitis

A

Compromised bowel - colitis, enteritis, strangulation
Severe infection - retained foetal membranes, sepsis

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2
Q

How does support limb laminitis occur

A

Increased pressure within the foot creates hypoxia within the other leg which causes inflammation and MMP production

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3
Q

How do steroids induce laminitis

A

Causes hyperinsulinaemia and MMP production as with endocrine production

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4
Q

What age are at lower risk of laminitis

A

Foals and weanlings

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5
Q

Why can donkeys be severely affected

A

They don’t tend to show pain until it’s very bad

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6
Q

What is the incidence of laminitis

A

1 in 10

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7
Q

When does laminitis have a higher incidence

A

April-June
And a bit more in autumn

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8
Q

Why do horses with laminitis lean backwards

A

A lot of the pain is down the dorsal aspect of the hoof wall so to relieve pressure

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9
Q

What is the most common laminitis presentation

A

Bilateral forelimb lameness

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10
Q

Where is the most common pain point on hoof testers

A

Just in front of the point of frog

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11
Q

What does depression on the coronary band show

A

Sinking of the bones

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12
Q

How can hindlimb laminitis present

A

High stepping gait

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13
Q

What radiographs are needed for laminitis

A

Latero-medial
Dorso-palmar

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14
Q

What are the classifications of rotation in laminitis

A

<5° mild
5-10° moderate
> 10° severe

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15
Q

What causes the rotation of the pedal bone

A

Consistent pull of the DDFT with breakdown of the laminae

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16
Q

How do you measure pedal rotation

A

Hoof wall and dorsal aspect of pedal bone should be parallel so measured from hoof wall

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17
Q

What is the DP view used to assess in laminitis

A

If one side is more effected than the other

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18
Q

Factors affecting laminitis prognosis

A

Lameness severity
Sinking
Degree of rotation
Patient weight
Ability to control endocrine disease

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19
Q

What procedure can salvage a horse with laminitis

A

DDFT tenotomy

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20
Q

What is common in the history of keratomas

A

Recurrent hoof absesses in the same location

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21
Q

Clinical signs of keratomas

A

Raised digital pulse
Hoof wall distortion
White kind deviation with cork like growth
Localized pain on hoof testers

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22
Q

Diagnosis of keratomas

A

Radiography at Dorso60°proximal palmar distal oblique aka upright pedal

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23
Q

What do you need to be sure to remove with keratomas

A

To take out the germinal cells at the top of the hoof wall

24
Q

Treatment for keratomas

A

Hydrogel to fill the wound to encourage granulation
Replaced by iodine once granulation is filling in

25
Q

How does septic pedal osteitis occur

A

Following solar penetration into the distal phalanx

26
Q

Signs of septic pedal osteitis

A

Nail penetration into sole r
Raised digital pulse on one foot
Discharge and pain with hoof testers
Initial radiographs can look normal

27
Q

Treatment for septic pedal osteitis

A

Poultice,
Antibiotics
Nsaids
Remove sequestrum/dying bones - requires surgery and hospital plate

28
Q

Prognosis for septic pedal osteitis

A

Excellent if all infection is removed and site maintained correctly

29
Q

Common signalment for coffin OA

A

Middle age/older horses
Faster or jumping work
Number of years of work
Repetitive concussion
Hoof balance
Nutrition when growing
Previous injury

30
Q

Under what conditions are horses likely to be more lame with OA

A

Hard ground

31
Q

What is the best imaging for coffin OA

A

Lateral Radiograph

32
Q

What does MRI allow you to see in coffin OA

A

Effusion
Cartilage degeneration
Tendon issues

33
Q

What intraarticular corticosteroids can you use in the coffin

A

Triamcinalone and methylprednisolone

34
Q

What are some bruises

A

Blunt trauma to solar surface causing haemorrhage to sensitive tissues of the foot
Inflamed tissues increase tissue fluid
Increased fluid increased pressure in the hoof

35
Q

How can you diagnose some bruises

A

Hoof tester sensitivity
Increased digital pulse
Increased hoof temperature

36
Q

When is a solar bruise a corn

A

When it’s in the seat of corn

37
Q

Risk factors for solar bruising

A

Surface - uneven/highly concussive
Shoeing/farriery - barefoot more prone, long shoeing intervals
Activity - hacking prone
Activity lever - repetitive concussive force
Conformation - flat feet, low heels

38
Q

Considerations for solar bruising

A

Shoes
Pads
Packing material
Heel sparing trimming
Avoid working on bad surfaces

39
Q

Predisposing factors to osteoarthritis

A

Repetitive impacts
Landing
Poor/hard work surface
Hoof imbalance

40
Q

Clinical exam points for coffin joint OA

A

Effusion palpable 1cm proximal to coronary band on midline
Hoof balance and shoeing important
Long toe low heal and broken back HPA can predispose

41
Q

What areas can you block for coffin arthritis

A

DP
Distal interphalangeal

42
Q

What is the use of MRI/CT

A

Will show degree of joint effusion and cartilage degeneration
Shows additional pathology

43
Q

Treatments for coffin OA

A

Oral NSAIDS - PBZ, suxibuzone
Intra-articular corticosteroids - triamcinalone, methylprednisolone

44
Q

Alternative intra-articular medications

A

Hyaluronic acid - lubricant
Polyacrylamide gel - arthromid - lubricating and cushioning filler
IRAP, PRP, Articell, BMAC

45
Q

Slow acting disease modifying osteoarthritis agents

A

Cartrophen

46
Q

Other OA treatments

A

Corrective farriery
- shorten toe
- support heels
- cushion
Surgery
- arthroscopy
- neurectomy

47
Q

What is a keratoma

A

Hyperplastic keratin mass within the hoof

48
Q

What is common in the history and exam of keratomas

A

Recurrent hoof abscesses in same location
Raised pulse in single foot
Deviation of the white line with cork like growth
Localized pain on hoof testers

49
Q

What radiograph do you use for a keratoma

A

Dorso60°proximal - palmar/plantar distal oblique view

50
Q

How do you treat a keratoma

A

Surgical excision
Pack hole with hydrogel moving to iodine soaked swabs when granulation bed is forming

51
Q

Septic pedal osteitis

A

Follows solar penetration - usually nail into the pedal bone can cause osteomyelitis. Can form sequestrum

52
Q

Management of septic pedal osteitis

A

Poultice, antibiotics, nsaids, TAT (targeted alpha therapy)

53
Q

Initial management of laminitis

A

Pain relief
Vasodilator - acp
Support feet - frog support
Deep shavings bed
Diet - soaked hay, weight loss with vitamin/mineral balancer

54
Q

How does laminitis occur

A

MMP allows the growth of the hoof wall, over production of MMP causes breakdown and separation of the sensitive and insensitive laminae

55
Q

How does EMS cause laminitis

A

Insulin dysregulation = hyperglycemia= hyperinsulinaemia = excess MMP

56
Q

How does PPID cause laminitis

A

Increased ACTH = hyperinsulinaemia = increased MMP

Year 4 equine (20 decks)

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