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Year 4 equine > Horses Feet > Flashcards

Horses Feet Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of toxic laminitis

A

Compromised bowel - colitis, enteritis, strangulation
Severe infection - retained foetal membranes, sepsis

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2
Q

How does support limb laminitis occur

A

Increased pressure within the foot creates hypoxia within the other leg which causes inflammation and MMP production

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3
Q

How do steroids induce laminitis

A

Causes hyperinsulinaemia and MMP production as with endocrine production

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4
Q

What age are at lower risk of laminitis

A

Foals and weanlings

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5
Q

Why can donkeys be severely affected

A

They don’t tend to show pain until it’s very bad

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6
Q

What is the incidence of laminitis

A

1 in 10

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7
Q

When does laminitis have a higher incidence

A

April-June
And a bit more in autumn

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8
Q

Why do horses with laminitis lean backwards

A

A lot of the pain is down the dorsal aspect of the hoof wall so to relieve pressure

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9
Q

What is the most common laminitis presentation

A

Bilateral forelimb lameness

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10
Q

Where is the most common pain point on hoof testers

A

Just in front of the point of frog

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11
Q

What does depression on the coronary band show

A

Sinking of the bones

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12
Q

How can hindlimb laminitis present

A

High stepping gait

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13
Q

What radiographs are needed for laminitis

A

Latero-medial
Dorso-palmar

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14
Q

What are the classifications of rotation in laminitis

A

<5° mild
5-10° moderate
> 10° severe

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15
Q

What causes the rotation of the pedal bone

A

Consistent pull of the DDFT with breakdown of the laminae

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16
Q

How do you measure pedal rotation

A

Hoof wall and dorsal aspect of pedal bone should be parallel so measured from hoof wall

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17
Q

What is the DP view used to assess in laminitis

A

If one side is more effected than the other

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18
Q

Factors affecting laminitis prognosis

A

Lameness severity
Sinking
Degree of rotation
Patient weight
Ability to control endocrine disease

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19
Q

What procedure can salvage a horse with laminitis

A

DDFT tenotomy

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20
Q

What is common in the history of keratomas

A

Recurrent hoof absesses in the same location

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21
Q

Clinical signs of keratomas

A

Raised digital pulse
Hoof wall distortion
White kind deviation with cork like growth
Localized pain on hoof testers

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22
Q

Diagnosis of keratomas

A

Radiography at Dorso60°proximal palmar distal oblique aka upright pedal

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23
Q

What do you need to be sure to remove with keratomas

A

To take out the germinal cells at the top of the hoof wall

24
Q

Treatment for keratomas

A

Hydrogel to fill the wound to encourage granulation
Replaced by iodine once granulation is filling in

25
How does septic pedal osteitis occur
Following solar penetration into the distal phalanx
26
Signs of septic pedal osteitis
Nail penetration into sole r Raised digital pulse on one foot Discharge and pain with hoof testers Initial radiographs can look normal
27
Treatment for septic pedal osteitis
Poultice, Antibiotics Nsaids Remove sequestrum/dying bones - requires surgery and hospital plate
28
Prognosis for septic pedal osteitis
Excellent if all infection is removed and site maintained correctly
29
Common signalment for coffin OA
Middle age/older horses Faster or jumping work Number of years of work Repetitive concussion Hoof balance Nutrition when growing Previous injury
30
Under what conditions are horses likely to be more lame with OA
Hard ground
31
What is the best imaging for coffin OA
Lateral Radiograph
32
What does MRI allow you to see in coffin OA
Effusion Cartilage degeneration Tendon issues
33
What intraarticular corticosteroids can you use in the coffin
Triamcinalone and methylprednisolone
34
What are some bruises
Blunt trauma to solar surface causing haemorrhage to sensitive tissues of the foot Inflamed tissues increase tissue fluid Increased fluid increased pressure in the hoof
35
How can you diagnose some bruises
Hoof tester sensitivity Increased digital pulse Increased hoof temperature
36
When is a solar bruise a corn
When it's in the seat of corn
37
Risk factors for solar bruising
Surface - uneven/highly concussive Shoeing/farriery - barefoot more prone, long shoeing intervals Activity - hacking prone Activity lever - repetitive concussive force Conformation - flat feet, low heels
38
Considerations for solar bruising
Shoes Pads Packing material Heel sparing trimming Avoid working on bad surfaces
39
Predisposing factors to osteoarthritis
Repetitive impacts Landing Poor/hard work surface Hoof imbalance
40
Clinical exam points for coffin joint OA
Effusion palpable 1cm proximal to coronary band on midline Hoof balance and shoeing important Long toe low heal and broken back HPA can predispose
41
What areas can you block for coffin arthritis
DP Distal interphalangeal
42
What is the use of MRI/CT
Will show degree of joint effusion and cartilage degeneration Shows additional pathology
43
Treatments for coffin OA
Oral NSAIDS - PBZ, suxibuzone Intra-articular corticosteroids - triamcinalone, methylprednisolone
44
Alternative intra-articular medications
Hyaluronic acid - lubricant Polyacrylamide gel - arthromid - lubricating and cushioning filler IRAP, PRP, Articell, BMAC
45
Slow acting disease modifying osteoarthritis agents
Cartrophen
46
Other OA treatments
Corrective farriery - shorten toe - support heels - cushion Surgery - arthroscopy - neurectomy
47
What is a keratoma
Hyperplastic keratin mass within the hoof
48
What is common in the history and exam of keratomas
Recurrent hoof abscesses in same location Raised pulse in single foot Deviation of the white line with cork like growth Localized pain on hoof testers
49
What radiograph do you use for a keratoma
Dorso60°proximal - palmar/plantar distal oblique view
50
How do you treat a keratoma
Surgical excision Pack hole with hydrogel moving to iodine soaked swabs when granulation bed is forming
51
Septic pedal osteitis
Follows solar penetration - usually nail into the pedal bone can cause osteomyelitis. Can form sequestrum
52
Management of septic pedal osteitis
Poultice, antibiotics, nsaids, TAT (targeted alpha therapy)
53
Initial management of laminitis
Pain relief Vasodilator - acp Support feet - frog support Deep shavings bed Diet - soaked hay, weight loss with vitamin/mineral balancer
54
How does laminitis occur
MMP allows the growth of the hoof wall, over production of MMP causes breakdown and separation of the sensitive and insensitive laminae
55
How does EMS cause laminitis
Insulin dysregulation = hyperglycemia= hyperinsulinaemia = excess MMP
56
How does PPID cause laminitis
Increased ACTH = hyperinsulinaemia = increased MMP

Year 4 equine (20 decks)

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