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Year 4 equine > Foals > Flashcards

Foals Flashcards

1
Q

What do you need to be careful of when dosing foals

A

Dosages need to change as the foal grows ~1kg a day

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2
Q

Differences between neonates and adults dosing

A

Dynamic dosages
Increased oral bioavailability
Volume distribution (increased %water)
Decreased plasma proteins
Decreased metabolic and excretory activity

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3
Q

What should you assume in sick foals

A

Septic till proven otherwise

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4
Q

Treatment for foal sepsis

A

Antimicrobials
Hemodynamic support
Supportive care

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5
Q

Examples of low sepsis risk

A

Unobserved foaling/meconium impaction

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6
Q

Example of moderate sepsis risk

A

Umbilical infection

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7
Q

Example of high sepsis risk

A

Dystocia
Neonatal encephalopathy

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8
Q

Examples of septic foals

A

Neonatal encephalopathy+ septic joint
Enterocolitis

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9
Q

Treatment for low/medium sepsis risks

A

Oral TMPS (trimethoprim sulphadiazine) 30mg/kg BID

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10
Q

Treatment for high risk sepsis/septic foals (normal renal function)

A

IV sodium penicillin 22mg/kg every 6h
IV gentamicin 12mg/kg every 36h

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11
Q

Treatment for high risk sepsis/septic foals (abnormal renal function)

A

IV centiofur 5mg/kg every 12 h

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12
Q

What should you be careful of with oxytetracycline in foals

A

Kidney damage
Causes tendon laxity

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13
Q

What should be avoided in sedating a foal

A

Alpha 2 agonists - bradycardic

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14
Q

Should you use nsaids in foals?

A

Only if very necessary. Side effects much worse than in adults

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15
Q

What other therapeutics should be used in a hospitalized foal

A

Sucralfate +/- PPIs

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16
Q

What should be used for a dehydrated/hypovolemic foal

A

20ml/kg Hartmann’s (repeat up to 3x)

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17
Q

Treatment for mild obtundation/not nursing

A

250-500ml good quality colostrum via NGT

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18
Q

Treatment for FPT

A

Plasma 20ml/kg -/+ further 20-40 ml/kg based on IgG post transfusion
Transfuse SLOWLY watch for reactions

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19
Q

Best sedation for foals

A

Diazepam+/- butorphanol

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20
Q

Normal heart rate for a foal at birth

A

60-80

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21
Q

Normal heart rate for a foal at 1h

A

120-150

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22
Q

Normal heart rate for a foal 1-5 days old

A

80-100

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23
Q

Respiratory rate for foal at birth

A

60-80

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24
Q

Respiratory rate for a foal from 1hour old

A

~30

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25
Q

When should crackles not being present on lung auscultation

A

24 hours onwards

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26
Q

When is a patent ductus arteriosus normal in a foal

A

Under 96 hours

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27
Q

Normal temperature for a foal

A

Under 38.9°C

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28
Q

Normal timings for a foal

A

Sternal 5mins
Standing 1h
Suck reflex 30m-2h
Nursing 2h
Urinating 4h
Defecating 4h

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29
Q

What should you advise the owner to do with a newborn foal

A

Save placenta
Treat umbilicus within 4 hours (0.5% chlorhexidine or 2%iodine
Check nursing,urination and defecation

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30
Q

What should be checked at a newborn foal check

A

umbilicus (hernia/treatment)
Nursing (latching/milk return)
Palate (over/undershot jaw, cleft palate)
Anus (is there one/meconium)
Eyes (entropion/haemorrhage)
Chest (heart/lungs/ribs)
Limbs (flexural/angular deformities)
IgG if 24hours upwards

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31
Q

What actions/treatments can you support a newborn foal with

A

IgG test
Enema (more needed in colts)
Tetanus antitoxin

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32
Q

What care should be taken examining a foal

A

Wear clean gloves
Always restrain in vision of mard
Always put one arm around chest and one under belly

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33
Q

Where should you avoid giving IM injections in the foal

A

Neck - pain prevents nursing

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34
Q

What size needle should you use for IV in the foal

A

20G 1inch

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35
Q

What looks like a alien on ultrasound

A

Urachal remnant
(Eyes are left and right umbilical arteries)

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36
Q

How often should a foal feed

A

5-6 times an hour

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37
Q

How big is a foals stomach capacity

A

1l in 50kg

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38
Q

How much of bodyweight should be consumed per 24 hour period

A

20% (10l in 20kg)

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39
Q

Why should you use milk replacer at 3/4 strength

A

Decreased risk of constipation

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40
Q

Maternal risk factors for an obtunded foal

A

Dystocia
Concurrent illness
Gestation (short)
Bonding
Parity

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41
Q

Placental risk factors for an obtunded foal

A

Placentitis
Placental insufficiency

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42
Q

Foal factors for the obtunded foal

A

FPT
Sepsis
Encephalopathy
Omphalitis
Congenital defects
Trauma

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43
Q

Cut off values for IgG tests

A

> 800mg/dL normal
400-800mg/dL partial failure
<400mg/dL complete failure

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44
Q

Clinical signs of hypoglycemia in the foal

A

Obtunded
+/- seizures

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45
Q

What should the first urination be

A

Hypersthenuric >1.030
Within 8-10 hours in coly and 10-12 in filly it should be hyposthenuria <1.008

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46
Q

What is common to see on haematology

A

Leukopenia and neutropenia with increased band neutrophils

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47
Q

What does increased fibrinogen at birth show

A

In uterine infection/inflammation

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48
Q

At what temperature is a foal classified as having a fever

A

> 39.2

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49
Q

At what temperature is a foal classified as hypothermic

A

<37.2

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50
Q

Broad causes of obtundedness

A

Sepsis/SIRS
Neonatal encephalopathy
Prematurity/dysmaturity

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51
Q

Common name for neonatal encephalopathy

A

Neonatal maladjustment syndrome

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52
Q

What defines premature vs dysmature

A

Premature <320 days
Dysmature full term but acts premature

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53
Q

Characteristics of a premature foal

A

Small in size
Rounded forehead
Silly hair coat
Entropian
Floppy ears
Flexor/periarticular laxity
Carpal/fetlock contracture
Incomplete ossification of cuboidal bones

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54
Q

Prognosis of premature

A

Good with right care if born >300 days can catch up to peers

55
Q

What is neonatal isoerythrolysis

A

Destruction of red blood cells due to pre-formed anti red blood cells antigens ingested in colostrum

56
Q

How does neonatal isoerythrolysis occur

A

Mare becomes sensitized to an antigen (often via stallion from previous foals or blood transfusion)
Antibodies absorbed in the colostrum then attack the foals own blood cells

57
Q

Clinical signs of neonatal isoerythrolysis

A

Pale MM
Weakness
Obtundation
Tachycardia
Tachypnea and or dyspnea
Seizures
Pigmenturia

58
Q

Diagnosis of neonatal isoerythrolysis

A

History/clinical exam
-marked anaemia 10-20%
Declining PCV (good evidence)
Definite - agglutination/lytic tests

59
Q

Treatment of neonatal isoerythrolysis

A

If under 24h withhold from nursing
Can deteriorate rapidly - refer/whole blood transfusion - must be from universal donor AaQq negative horse
Supportive care

60
Q

What is classes as tachycardia (under and over 3 days)

A

Under 3 days - 115bpm
Over 3 days - 120

61
Q

What classes as tachypnoea

A

> 56bpm

62
Q

Normal venous blood lactate foal

A

<5 under 3 days
<2.5 over 3-14 days

63
Q

Causes of meconium impaction

A

Enterocolitis
Dysmotility
SI strangulation
Congenital abnormalities
Intussusecption
Hernias
Gastric ulceration
Lactose intolerance

64
Q

Signs of meconium impaction

A

No meconium
Colic
Tail flagging

65
Q

Signs of enterocolitis

A

D+
Colic
Tail flagging
Sepsis

66
Q

Signs of dysmotility

A

Colic
Tail flagging
Sepsis

67
Q

Signs of SI strangulation

A

Colic
Sepsis

68
Q

Signs of congenital abnormalities (gi/foal)

A

Colic
Lock of faeces

69
Q

Signs of intussusecption

A

Colic
Refux
Sepsis

70
Q

Signs of hernias

A

Colic
Nothing if not strangulating

71
Q

Signs of gastric/duodenal ulceration

A

Colic
Reflux
Tail flagging

72
Q

Signs of lactose intolerance

A

D+

73
Q

Signs of uroabdomen

A

Tail flagging,
posturing
Stranguria
Dysuria

74
Q

Signs of urinary congenital abnormalities

A

Dysuria
Stranguria
Urinary incontinence

75
Q

Signs of Umbilical infection

A

Colic
tail flagging
Sepsis

76
Q

First line of treatment for meconium impaction

A

Phosphate enema
(Max 2 in 24h)

77
Q

What do you see in ultrasound of meconium impaction

A

Hypo/anechoic speckled appearance with intestine contracted around meconium

78
Q

How is acetyl cysteine enema administered

A

Foal sedated in lateral with lifted hindend
Foley catheter inserted into rectum and gently cuffed
150-200ml 4% acetyl cysteine gravity flowed into rectum.
Clamp closed and catheter left in place for 45 mins

79
Q

What are the 3 types of enema

A

Phosphate
Soapy water
Acetyl cysteine

80
Q

Where does the bladder most commonly rupture

A

Dorsal wall

81
Q

Diagnosis of uroabdomen

A

Ultrasound - free fluid in abdomen
Abdominocentesis
Increased serum creatinine
Hyperkalemia
Metabolic acidosis
Hyponatremia and hypochloremia

82
Q

Treatment for uroabdomen

A

Refer for surgical repair

83
Q

Clinical signs of uroabdomen

A

Depression
weakness
Hypovolemia
Stranguria/anuria
Bradycardia

84
Q

Diagnosis of umbilical infection

A

Thickening/abcessation of umbilicus
Inflammatory markers increased

85
Q

Treatment of umbilical infection

A

Broad spectrum antimicrobials
Surgery if poor response to medical

86
Q

Risk factors for respiratory disease in the foal

A

Systemic sepsis
Congenital abnormalities
Meconium aspiration
Milk aspiration
Birth trauma

87
Q

Causes of acute respiratory distress immediately following bitth

A

Extrapulmonary disorders causes obstruction
- bilateral choamal atresia
Stenosis of the nares
Severe laryngeal odema/collapse
DDSP
Sub epiglottic cysts
Severe pulmonary abnormalities
Congenital cardiac abnormalities

88
Q

What is treatment for acute respiratory distress syndrome

A

Intranasal oxygen
Ventilation
Anti-inflammatories (corticosteroids)
Broad spectrum antimicrobials

89
Q

What causes atelectasis

A

Failure of surfactant production

90
Q

What can meconium aspiration lead to

A

Mechanical airway obstruction
Regional air trapping
Surfactant inactivation and displacement
Chemical pneumonitis and alveolitis
Persistent pulmonary hypertension

91
Q

Treatment for meconium aspiration syndrome

A

Aspiration of material from nasal passages and pharynx
Nasal intubation with careful suction
Intranasal oxygenation
Anti inflammatories
Pentoxyfyllone (benefits against SIRS)
Treatment of secondary pneumonia

92
Q

What can cause milk aspiration

A

Generalized weakness
Poor suckle
Dysphagia
Congenital abnormalities
Bottle feeding

93
Q

How do you treat milk aspiration

A

Correct the cause
Nasoeosophageal feeding tube
Broad spectrum antimicrobials

94
Q

How can you diagnose broken ribs in foals

A

Physical exam - crepitus and auscultation
Ultrasonography
Radiography

95
Q

Clinical signs of EHV in foals

A

Typically fatal - similar to neonatal sepsis
Cardiovascular and respiratory insufficiency
Congested MM
Leukopenia, neutropenia and lymphopenia

96
Q

Treatment of EHV in foals

A

Anti-virals
Supportive therapy

97
Q

Parasitic pneumonia cause and treatment in foals

A

Parascaris
Fenbendazole or Pyrantel

98
Q

When is bacterial pneumonia most common in foals

A

1-6 months

99
Q

Most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in foals

A

E.coli

100
Q

What do all isolates of rhodococcus capable of causes disease in foals have

A

Plasmid encoding Virulence associated protein (VapA)

101
Q

Rhodococcus clinical disease

A

Insidious
Lower URT infection.
Fever
Lethargy
Coughing
Tachypnea
Dyspnoea
Extrapulmonary disorders

102
Q

Treatment of rhodococcus infectiob

A

Oxygen
Nsaids
Keep cool
Antimicrobials - macrolide and rifampin
(Azithromycin and clarithromycin)
Prevent with hyperimmune plasma

103
Q

What is congenital hyperextension

A

Flaccidity of flexor muscles after birth
Often resolve after a few weeks
Can need protective bandaging/corrective shoeing

104
Q

What can occur with congenital hyperflexion

A

May cause dystocia
May prevent standing

105
Q

How does oxytetracycline work for tendon contracture

A

Large dose within a few days of both
Prevents the traction of collagen fibrils making them more susceptible to elongation during weight bearing

106
Q

When does the distal radius growth plate close

A

24 months

107
Q

When does the distal metacarpal growth plate close

A

6-9 months

108
Q

When does the proximal phalanx growth plate close

A

6-12 months

109
Q

When does the distal tibial growth plate close

A

17-24 months

110
Q

When does the distal metatarsal growth plate close

A

9-12 months

111
Q

What is physitis

A

Inflammation of the physis/ growth complex

112
Q

Clinical signs of physitis

A

Heat
Pain
Lameness
Swelling
Often around carpus/fetlock

113
Q

What can trigger physitis

A

Sudden feed/feed energy increase
Abrupt increase in exercise
Direct trauma to physis
Yearling - at distal radius

114
Q

Diagnosis/treatment of physitis

A

Diagnosis - radiographs and physical exam
Treatment - restrict exercise, pain relief, cause correction, potential sepsis

115
Q

Salter Harris fractures

A

Occur at distal physis of MC/MTIII
Treated with cast coaptation <6 weeks or surgery feasible (not first line if extensive fund not available)

116
Q

Classification of salter Harris fractures

A

S - straight across growth plate - type one
A - type 2 - above growth plate
L - type 3 - lower than growth plate
T - type 4 - through growth plate

117
Q

Where is incomplete ossification likely to occur

A

Cuboidal bones of carpi and tarsi

118
Q

When does ossification of cuboidal bones occur

A

Last 2-3 months of gestation

119
Q

What foals are at risk for incomplete ossification

A

Premature and dysmature

120
Q

What should you do if you suspect a foal is premature/dysmature

A

X-ray cuboidal bones

121
Q

Definition of angular limb deformity

A

Deviation from the long axis of the limb in the frontal plane

122
Q

Treatment for incomplete ossification of cuboidal bones

A

Box rest

123
Q

What are the 2 types of angular limb deformity

A

Varus and valgus

124
Q

What level of carpal valgus is tolerated

A

2-5°

125
Q

Aetiologies of angular limb deformity

A

Incomplete ossification - dysmature, premature , Placentitis in gestation, mare colic/heavy parasite burden in gestation
Peri-articular laxity
Acquired or congenital

126
Q

Evaluation of angular limb deformity

A

Radiography - compare limbs with orthogonal views, essential for premature or dysmature
Measure origin of deviation

127
Q

Angular limb deformity conservative treatment

A

Box rest and controlled exercise (must have normal ossification
Box rest only with incomplete ossification
Trimming/rasping of foot
- valgus trim lateral wall
- varus trim medial wall
Hoof extensions
- valgus medial extension
- varus lateral extension

128
Q

When should you leave angular limb deformity

A

When there is peri-articular laxity

129
Q

What radiograph should you initially take of a foal with angular limb deformity

A

DP and lateral

130
Q

Where should you colimate on angular limb deformity radiographs

A

Mid tibia-mid Tarsus for measurements

131
Q

When is conservative treatment okay

A

When entire limb is facing one way

132
Q

Surgical treatment of angular limb deformity

A

One joint in a different direction

133
Q

When should you treat surgically for angular limb deformity

A

In the rapid growth period

134
Q

What do you need to be careful of with screws of angular limb deformity

A

Monitor and remove appropriately
Correction will continue for a while after the screw is removed

Year 4 equine (20 decks)

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