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Year 4 equine > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a sarcolemma

A

Muscle cell membrane

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2
Q

What is a sarcoplasm

A

Muscle cell cytoplasm

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3
Q

What is a sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Muscle cell endoplasmic reticulum

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4
Q

What is a sarcomere

A

Contractile muscle unit formed by myofibrils

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5
Q

Function of sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Channel calcium into the muscle fibres

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6
Q

Neuromuscular transmission - muscle contraction

A

Neural signal down axon activated Ca entry into terminal axon
Ca interacts with snare proteins outside vesicles at terminal axon leads to acetylcholine release
Entry of Na on myofiber - depolarization current reaches sarcoplasmic reticulum through connecting tubules - Ca release within sarcoplasm
Ca binds troponin - tropomyosin unleashes acting and contraction begins

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7
Q

Which muscle fibres are aerobic

A

Type 1

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8
Q

Which muscle fibres are anaerobic

A

Type 2 a and type 2 x

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9
Q

What are type 1 muscle fibres

A

Slow contraction
High fatigue resistance
Aerobic
High mitochondrial and capillary density
High oxygen capacity
Fuelled by triglycerides

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10
Q

What are type 2 a muscle fibres

A

Moderately fast contraction
Long anaerobic activity
Medium power
High mitochondrial density
Intermediate capillary density
High oxidative capacity
Fueled by creatine phosphate and glycogen

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11
Q

What are type 2 x muscle fibres

A

Fast contraction
Short term anaerobic muscles < 5 mins activity
High power
Medium mitochondrial and low capillary density
Moderate oxygen capacity
Fuelled by atp, creatinine phosphate and some glycogen

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12
Q

What mechanisms counteract oxidative stress

A

Vit E - sarcolemma repair
Cysteine - respiratory chain and ROS
Q10 - reactive species - tca, amino-acid, fatty acids oxidation

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13
Q

What does inappropriate muscle strain lead to

A

Sarcolemma instability which releases markers into to bloodstream eg CK, AST, troponin

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14
Q

What type of damage does CK indicate

A

Sarcoplasm and mitochondrial
Rises quickly after damage

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15
Q

What does AST suggest

A

Whether muscle damage has stopped or is continuing

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16
Q

Clinical presentations of muscle damage

A

Stiffness, muscle pain, shortened stride, reluctance to move
Tachycardia, tachypnoea, recumbency, myoglobinuria, weakness
Paresis of specific muscles, arrhythmias, muscle atrophy

17
Q

Diagnostic tests for CKv

A

Blood sample
Exercise
Wait 6 hours
Sample
If sample 2 is greater than or equal to 2x sample 1

18
Q

How does pigmenturia occur

A

Cell rupture leads to myoglobin into circulation is filtered by kidney leads to pigmenturia

19
Q

Contraindications for muscle biopsy

A

Evident diagnosis eg atypical myopathy
Condition successfully managed with husbandry - equine rhabdomyolysis

20
Q

Indications for muscle biopsy

A

Repeated bouts of clinical disease that can’t be managed
Doubling baseline CK
Suspicion of storage myopathy
Need of definitive diagnosis
Poor performance with suspicion of muscle disease

21
Q

Which muscle is biopsied

A

Semi-membraneous

22
Q

What sort of section of muscle should be removed

A

3x1cm following muscle fibres direction

23
Q

What is periodic acid Schiff stain used for

A

Removing normal glycogen for PSSM testing

24
Q

What is hande stain suggestive of

A

RER
Muscle cell nuclei move towards the centre of the cell as should be peripheral

25
Q

What is desmin stain used for

A

Myofibrillar myopathy
Shows abnormal desmin distribution

26
Q

How can you test for PSSM1

A

Validated genetic testing available as there is a mutation in the GYS-1 gene
Widely available (blood and hair plucks)

27
Q

How can you test for PSSM2

A

Many unvalidated tests

28
Q

What testing is used for atypical myopathy

A

Hypoglycin-A and toxic metabolite methylenecyclopropylacetic acid (MCPA)
Principle metabolite causing AM
Submit whole/spun sample

29
Q

What definitive muscle tests are available

A

Hypoglycin A - atypical myopathy
PSSM1 - genetic testing

30
Q

What is sporadic exertional rhabdomyolysis/causes

A

Increase in work intensity without strong musculoskeletal foundation - z disk instability, over stretching of myofiber and sarcolemma stretching
Dietary imbalances eg electrolyte imbalance and low vit E meaning poor antioxidant state
Exhaustion - electrolyte loss specifically in humid weather

31
Q

Clinical signs of exertional rhabdomyolysis

A

Stiff stilted hair
Excessive sweating
Increased respiratory rate
Reluctance to move
Dark urine

32
Q

Risk factors for exertional rhabdomyolysis

A

Fit nervous horse
Young mares
No turnout
Held back during gallop
Rise in epinephrine
High resting cortisol

33
Q

Trigger for exertional rhabdomyolysis

A

SERCA receptor dysfunction
Receptor in endoplasmic reticulum that allows removal of calcium and muscle relaxation

34
Q

What breed is most prevalent for PSSM1

A

Continental European draft horses

35
Q

Clinical signs of PSSM1

A

Stiffness after short exercise - reluctance to move forward, poor performance, sweating, more severe is myoglobinuria

36
Q

What is PSSM

A

Polysaccharide storage myopathy
Abnormal glycogen storage - branches are not recognized by enzyme to be broken down so has excess inaccessible glycogen

37
Q

What is PSSM2

A

Muscle disease with abnormal glycogen accumulation
Poor performance and elevation of muscle enzymes

Year 4 equine (20 decks)

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