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Year 4 equine > Respiratory Disease > Flashcards

Respiratory Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What do you need to perform and endotracheal wash

A

Sedation
Endoscope
Tracheal wash catheter
Sterile saline
Sample pots

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2
Q

What do you need to perform a bronchoalveolar lavage

A

Sedation
BAL tube
Local anaesthetic
Sterile saline
Sample pots

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3
Q

What do you need to perform a trans tracheal wash

A

Sedation
Large gauge IV catheter
Local anesthetic
Sterile gloves
Sterile prep
Canine urinary catheter
Sterile saline
Sample pots

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4
Q

What is the advantage of a trans tracheal aspirate

A

No contamination from passing through the airways so gets the cleanest culture

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5
Q

Why is butorphanol often doubled for respiratory sampling

A

It is an antitussive so oppresses the cough reflex

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6
Q

What is a nasal swab used for

A

Viral isolation
- equine flu
- EHV 1 and 4
(Keep moist in transport)

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7
Q

What is the pathogenesis of influenza A virus

A

Infection of the respiratory epithelial cells that destroys cilia

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8
Q

Clinical signs of influenza A virus

A

Fever
Cough
Nasal discharge

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9
Q

Treatment of influenza A virus

A

Nursing care and anti-inflammatories
- antibiotics for secondary infection
Vaccines are available

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10
Q

Diagnosis of influenza A virus

A

Nasal swab - use proper ones
- detection of viral antigen via ELISA
- detection of RNA via PCR
Serum
- detection of antibodies - Elisa
- haemagglutination inhibition.

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11
Q

How is herpes virus 1,4 transmitted

A

Aerosol
Contact with fomites
Latency reactivation

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12
Q

Pathogenesis of EHV1, 4

A

Infection of respiratory epithelium -shedding
Dissemination to secondary replication sites
- abortion from pregnant uterus
- neurological disease from spinal cord
Latency established

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13
Q

Clinical signs of EHV-1,4

A

Common - fever, cough / nasal discharge, poor performance
Occasional - abortion, neurological disease

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14
Q

Treatment of EHV-1, 4

A

Nursing case and anti inflammatories
Rest
Vaccines available

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15
Q

Diagnosis of EHV-1, 4

A

Nasal swab - PCR
Blood samples - antigen detection
Virus isolation in tissue culture

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16
Q

EVA transmission

A

Respiratory
Venereal
Congenital
Fomites

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17
Q

EVA pathogenesis

A

LRT infection, infected monocytes/T lymphocytes replicate in lymph node to create a cell-associated viraemia in the bloodstream
Persistent infection and abortion can occur

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18
Q

Clinical signs of EVA

A

Often asymptomatic
Fever
Nasal discharge
Loss of appetite
Respiratory distress
Skin rash
Muscle soreness
Conjunctivitis
Depression

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19
Q

Diagnosis of EVA

A

Virus PCR from body fluids or tissues
Elisa screening

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20
Q

Treatment of EVA

A

General supportive care in acute infection
Inactivated virus
No treatment for persistent infections

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21
Q

How is lungworm transmitted

A

Ingestion of L3 larvae
Donkeys main source
Pilobolus fungi possible transmission (as in cows)

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22
Q

Pathogenesis of lungworm

A

Mucopurulent exudate, hyperplastic epithelium, lymphocytic infiltrate in lamina propria

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23
Q

Clinical signs and treatment of lungworm

A

Moderate - severe coughing
Treatment moxidectin/ivermectin

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24
Q

What is the DISH outbreak control

A

Disinfection
Isolation
Submission of samples
Hygienic procedures

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25
Q

Reasons for treating URT noise

A

Dyspnoea
Cosmetics
Poor performance
Dysphagia

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26
Q

What is the alar fold

A

Separates the diverticulum from true nostril
Supports dorsal and lateral nostril

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27
Q

Conditions that effect the external nares

A

Epidermal inclusion cysts (atheromas)
Redundant alar folds
Lacerations

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28
Q

How many pairs of paranasal sinuses are there

A

7

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29
Q

What sinuses are in the rostral group

A

Rostral maxillary
Central conchal

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30
Q

Which sinuses are in the caudal group

A

Caudal maxillary
Dorsal conchal
Ethmoidal
Frontal
Sphenopalatine

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31
Q

What lies in the maxillary sinus

A

The tooth routes of the 4th/5th/6th maxillary cheek teeth - infection causes sinusitis

32
Q

What are the indications for sinus surgery

A

Expansive lesions in the sinus
Primary sinusitis
Severe trauma of facial bones

33
Q

What are the treatment options for dorsal displacement of the soft palate

A

Staphylectomy (no longer recommended)
Myectomy
Palatal fibrosis
Tie forward (currently most popular 80% success)

34
Q

What is dynamic pharyngeal collapse

A

collapse of pharyngeal wall when negative pressure highest caused by dysfunction of mechanoreceptors and neuromuscular reflexes

35
Q

What are the treatment options for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy

A

Laryngoplasty (tie back)
Ventriculectomy (hobday)
Ventriculocordectomy
Arytenoidectomy
Neuromuscular pedicle graft

36
Q

Complications of recurrent laryngeal hemiplegia surgery

A

Dysphagia
Aspiration pneumonia
Implant failure

37
Q

Arytenoid chondropathy

A

Different size arytenoids
Loss of bumps on mucosa
Rounded muscular process on palpation

38
Q

Treatment of arytenoid chondropathy

A

Antimicrobials
Anti-inflammatories
Surgery
- local excision
- arytenoidectomy
Permanent tracheostomy

39
Q

What is the difference between a tracheostomy and a tracheotomy

A

A tracheostomy is permanent
Tracheostomy partially resects cartilage rings

40
Q

Indication for Surgery of the gutteral pouch

A

Tympany
Empyema
Chondroids

41
Q

Where is unilateral nasal discharge from

A

rostral to nasal septum

42
Q

Clinical signs of URT disease

A

Unilateral/bilateral nasal discharge
Swelling/pain/lymph node enlargement
URT noise
Cough
Exercise intolerance
Increased respiratory rate and effort
Appetite and demeanor changes

43
Q

Possible causes of epistaxis t

A

Trauma, FB
Vascular damage
Erosive conditions

44
Q

Possible causes of mucoid/serious discharge

A

Viral infection
Non infectious inflammatory disease

45
Q

Causes of purulent non odorous discharge

A

Bacterial +/- viral infection

46
Q

Causes of purulent discharge with foul odour

A

Usually mixed bacteria with anaerobes (often with underlying causes)

47
Q

Causes of food material nasal discharge

A

Choke
Grass sickness
Breakdown or pharyngeal anatomy

48
Q

Differentials for nasal passages disease

A

Cleft palate
Cysts
Polyps
Ethmoid haematoma
Trauma
Fb
Fungal rhinitis
Neoplasia

49
Q

Differentials for sinus disease

A

Primary/secondary bacterial sinusitis
Cysts
Neoplasia
Ethmoid haematoma
Trauma
Fungal sinusitis
FB

50
Q

Differentials for gutteral pouch disease

A

Empyema
Mycosis
Tympany
Trauma
Neoplasia

51
Q

Differentials for pharynx/larynx disease

A

Pharyngitis
URT bacterial/ viral disease
Arytenoid chondropathy
Fb

52
Q

Differentials for lung disease

A

Inflammatory conditions
Infectious conditions
Neoplasia
EIPH

53
Q

What pathogen causes strangles

A

Streptococcus equi

54
Q

Clinical signs of strangles

A

Nasal discharge - mucopurulent
Dysphagia
Cough
Laryngeal pain
Extended head
Pyrexia
Lymph node abcessation

55
Q

Diagnostics for strangles

A

History
Clinical signs
Endoscopy, ultrasound, radiology
Culture
qPCR from lavage
Serology - identify exposed for PCR

56
Q

Treatment for strangles

A

Nsaids
Soft palatable high calorie diet
Abscess management
Isolation
Nursing care

57
Q

What is haemoptysis

A

Coughing up of blood

58
Q

Nasal cavity causes of epistaxis

A

Foreign bodies
Fungal granulomas
Neoplasms
Profuse
Iatrogenic
Ethmoid haematoma
Trauma

59
Q

Paranasal sinus causes of epistaxis

A

Trauma
Neoplasia
Ethmoid haematoma
Coagulation disorders

60
Q

Gutteral pouch causes of epistaxis

A

Mycosis
FB
Neoplasia
Purpura
DIC
Clotting defects
Rectus capitis muscle rupture

61
Q

Oral cavity, pharynx and larynx causes of epistaxis

A

FB
Neoplasia
Purpura
DIC
Clotting defects
Trauma
Iatrot

62
Q

Tracheal/lung causes of epistaxis

A

Pulmonary haemorrhage - epih
Trauma
Pneumonia
Neoplasia
FB
Iatrogenic - lung biopsy/ng tube

63
Q

Diagnostics for epistaxis

A

History
PE, oral and nares exam
Complete CBC
Clotting profile
Biochemistry
Endoscopy
Radiography and ultrasonography
TTW and BAL

64
Q

Diagnostics for unilateral nasal discharge

A

History and signalment
Physical exam
Radiography
Endoscopy
Oral/dental exam
CT/MRI

65
Q

History and signalment for unilateral nasal discharge

A

Young - primary infection and congenital problems common
Older - neoplasia, ethmoid haematoma and dental disease
Onset, duration, clinical progression and incontacts important

66
Q

Physical exam for unilateral nasal discharge

A

Type and smell of discharge
Lymph nodes
Pyrexia
Lumps and bumps
Sinus percussion

67
Q

Radiography for unilateral nasal discharge

A

Good for bony lesions, locating fluid
Not good for soft tissue and fluid types

68
Q

Endoscopy for unilateral nasal discharge

A

Good for visualizing internal structures, differentiating soft tissue and fluid
Not good for bony lesions and severe epistaxis

69
Q

Oral/dental exam for unilateral nasal discharge

A

Last 3-4 teeth in contact with sinus
Dental disease can cause secondary sinusitis

70
Q

Pleuro Pneumonia

A

Infection of lower respiratory tract extended into pleural space
Exudative - sterol transudate into pleural space
Fibrinopurulent - bacterial invasion and fibrin deposition
Organisation - fibroblasts grow into exudate

71
Q

Risk factors for Pleuro Pneumonia

A

Viral infection.
Strenuous exercise
Transportation/head elevation
GA
Overcrowding
Dysphagia

72
Q

Caudal agents of Pleuro Pneumonia

A

Streptococcus equi .zooepidemicus
Staphylococcus aureus
Actinobacillus
E coli
Bacteroides
Fusobacterium

73
Q

Clinical signs of pleuropneumonia

A

Tachycardia/tachypnoea
Respiratory distress
Fever
Anorexia
Depression
Nasal discharge
Exercise intolerance
Crackles and dull areas on auscultation

74
Q

Clinical pathology of pleuropneumonia

A

Neutrophilic leukocytosis
Leukopenia
Anaemia
Increased fibrinogen andcSAA
Decreased iron

75
Q

Antibiotic treatment for Pleuro Pneumonia

A

1st line - penacillin and gentamycin
Adjustments on C and S
Can use antimicrobials via nebulizers

76
Q

Nebulizer types

A

Jet - cheap, easy, inefficient, need compressed gas and tubing
Ultrasonic - easy and more efficient, large residual volume, degradation with heating
Mesh - fast, quiet and portable, easy, efficient, expensive an needs cleaning

77
Q

Thoracocentesis

A

7/8th ics above costochondral junction
Aseptic prep
Diagnosis - c and s and cytology
Therapeutic - drain, remove bacteria, decrease adhesion formation, improve respiratory function

Year 4 equine (20 decks)

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