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Year 4 equine > Respiratory Disease > Flashcards

Respiratory Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What do you need to perform and endotracheal wash

A

Sedation
Endoscope
Tracheal wash catheter
Sterile saline
Sample pots

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2
Q

What do you need to perform a bronchoalveolar lavage

A

Sedation
BAL tube
Local anaesthetic
Sterile saline
Sample pots

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3
Q

What do you need to perform a trans tracheal wash

A

Sedation
Large gauge IV catheter
Local anesthetic
Sterile gloves
Sterile prep
Canine urinary catheter
Sterile saline
Sample pots

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4
Q

What is the advantage of a trans tracheal aspirate

A

No contamination from passing through the airways so gets the cleanest culture

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5
Q

Why is butorphanol often doubled for respiratory sampling

A

It is an antitussive so oppresses the cough reflex

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6
Q

What is a nasal swab used for

A

Viral isolation
- equine flu
- EHV 1 and 4
(Keep moist in transport)

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7
Q

What is the pathogenesis of influenza A virus

A

Infection of the respiratory epithelial cells that destroys cilia

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8
Q

Clinical signs of influenza A virus

A

Fever
Cough
Nasal discharge

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9
Q

Treatment of influenza A virus

A

Nursing care and anti-inflammatories
- antibiotics for secondary infection
Vaccines are available

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10
Q

Diagnosis of influenza A virus

A

Nasal swab - use proper ones
- detection of viral antigen via ELISA
- detection of RNA via PCR
Serum
- detection of antibodies - Elisa
- haemagglutination inhibition.

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11
Q

How is herpes virus 1,4 transmitted

A

Aerosol
Contact with fomites
Latency reactivation

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12
Q

Pathogenesis of EHV1, 4

A

Infection of respiratory epithelium -shedding
Dissemination to secondary replication sites
- abortion from pregnant uterus
- neurological disease from spinal cord
Latency established

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13
Q

Clinical signs of EHV-1,4

A

Common - fever, cough / nasal discharge, poor performance
Occasional - abortion, neurological disease

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14
Q

Treatment of EHV-1, 4

A

Nursing case and anti inflammatories
Rest
Vaccines available

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15
Q

Diagnosis of EHV-1, 4

A

Nasal swab - PCR
Blood samples - antigen detection
Virus isolation in tissue culture

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16
Q

EVA transmission

A

Respiratory
Venereal
Congenital
Fomites

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17
Q

EVA pathogenesis

A

LRT infection, infected monocytes/T lymphocytes replicate in lymph node to create a cell-associated viraemia in the bloodstream
Persistent infection and abortion can occur

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18
Q

Clinical signs of EVA

A

Often asymptomatic
Fever
Nasal discharge
Loss of appetite
Respiratory distress
Skin rash
Muscle soreness
Conjunctivitis
Depression

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19
Q

Diagnosis of EVA

A

Virus PCR from body fluids or tissues
Elisa screening

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20
Q

Treatment of EVA

A

General supportive care in acute infection
Inactivated virus
No treatment for persistent infections

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21
Q

How is lungworm transmitted

A

Ingestion of L3 larvae
Donkeys main source
Pilobolus fungi possible transmission (as in cows)

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22
Q

Pathogenesis of lungworm

A

Mucopurulent exudate, hyperplastic epithelium, lymphocytic infiltrate in lamina propria

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23
Q

Clinical signs and treatment of lungworm

A

Moderate - severe coughing
Treatment moxidectin/ivermectin

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24
Q

What is the DISH outbreak control

A

Disinfection
Isolation
Submission of samples
Hygienic procedures

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25
Reasons for treating URT noise
Dyspnoea Cosmetics Poor performance Dysphagia
26
What is the alar fold
Separates the diverticulum from true nostril Supports dorsal and lateral nostril
27
Conditions that effect the external nares
Epidermal inclusion cysts (atheromas) Redundant alar folds Lacerations
28
How many pairs of paranasal sinuses are there
7
29
What sinuses are in the rostral group
Rostral maxillary Central conchal
30
Which sinuses are in the caudal group
Caudal maxillary Dorsal conchal Ethmoidal Frontal Sphenopalatine
31
What lies in the maxillary sinus
The tooth routes of the 4th/5th/6th maxillary cheek teeth - infection causes sinusitis
32
What are the indications for sinus surgery
Expansive lesions in the sinus Primary sinusitis Severe trauma of facial bones
33
What are the treatment options for dorsal displacement of the soft palate
Staphylectomy (no longer recommended) Myectomy Palatal fibrosis Tie forward (currently most popular 80% success)
34
What is dynamic pharyngeal collapse
collapse of pharyngeal wall when negative pressure highest caused by dysfunction of mechanoreceptors and neuromuscular reflexes
35
What are the treatment options for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy
Laryngoplasty (tie back) Ventriculectomy (hobday) Ventriculocordectomy Arytenoidectomy Neuromuscular pedicle graft
36
Complications of recurrent laryngeal hemiplegia surgery
Dysphagia Aspiration pneumonia Implant failure
37
Arytenoid chondropathy
Different size arytenoids Loss of bumps on mucosa Rounded muscular process on palpation
38
Treatment of arytenoid chondropathy
Antimicrobials Anti-inflammatories Surgery - local excision - arytenoidectomy Permanent tracheostomy
39
What is the difference between a tracheostomy and a tracheotomy
A tracheostomy is permanent Tracheostomy partially resects cartilage rings
40
Indication for Surgery of the gutteral pouch
Tympany Empyema Chondroids
41
Where is unilateral nasal discharge from
rostral to nasal septum
42
Clinical signs of URT disease
Unilateral/bilateral nasal discharge Swelling/pain/lymph node enlargement URT noise Cough Exercise intolerance Increased respiratory rate and effort Appetite and demeanor changes
43
Possible causes of epistaxis t
Trauma, FB Vascular damage Erosive conditions
44
Possible causes of mucoid/serious discharge
Viral infection Non infectious inflammatory disease
45
Causes of purulent non odorous discharge
Bacterial +/- viral infection
46
Causes of purulent discharge with foul odour
Usually mixed bacteria with anaerobes (often with underlying causes)
47
Causes of food material nasal discharge
Choke Grass sickness Breakdown or pharyngeal anatomy
48
Differentials for nasal passages disease
Cleft palate Cysts Polyps Ethmoid haematoma Trauma Fb Fungal rhinitis Neoplasia
49
Differentials for sinus disease
Primary/secondary bacterial sinusitis Cysts Neoplasia Ethmoid haematoma Trauma Fungal sinusitis FB
50
Differentials for gutteral pouch disease
Empyema Mycosis Tympany Trauma Neoplasia
51
Differentials for pharynx/larynx disease
Pharyngitis URT bacterial/ viral disease Arytenoid chondropathy Fb
52
Differentials for lung disease
Inflammatory conditions Infectious conditions Neoplasia EIPH
53
What pathogen causes strangles
Streptococcus equi
54
Clinical signs of strangles
Nasal discharge - mucopurulent Dysphagia Cough Laryngeal pain Extended head Pyrexia Lymph node abcessation
55
Diagnostics for strangles
History Clinical signs Endoscopy, ultrasound, radiology Culture qPCR from lavage Serology - identify exposed for PCR
56
Treatment for strangles
Nsaids Soft palatable high calorie diet Abscess management Isolation Nursing care
57
What is haemoptysis
Coughing up of blood
58
Nasal cavity causes of epistaxis
Foreign bodies Fungal granulomas Neoplasms Profuse Iatrogenic Ethmoid haematoma Trauma
59
Paranasal sinus causes of epistaxis
Trauma Neoplasia Ethmoid haematoma Coagulation disorders
60
Gutteral pouch causes of epistaxis
Mycosis FB Neoplasia Purpura DIC Clotting defects Rectus capitis muscle rupture
61
Oral cavity, pharynx and larynx causes of epistaxis
FB Neoplasia Purpura DIC Clotting defects Trauma Iatrot
62
Tracheal/lung causes of epistaxis
Pulmonary haemorrhage - epih Trauma Pneumonia Neoplasia FB Iatrogenic - lung biopsy/ng tube
63
Diagnostics for epistaxis
History PE, oral and nares exam Complete CBC Clotting profile Biochemistry Endoscopy Radiography and ultrasonography TTW and BAL
64
Diagnostics for unilateral nasal discharge
History and signalment Physical exam Radiography Endoscopy Oral/dental exam CT/MRI
65
History and signalment for unilateral nasal discharge
Young - primary infection and congenital problems common Older - neoplasia, ethmoid haematoma and dental disease Onset, duration, clinical progression and incontacts important
66
Physical exam for unilateral nasal discharge
Type and smell of discharge Lymph nodes Pyrexia Lumps and bumps Sinus percussion
67
Radiography for unilateral nasal discharge
Good for bony lesions, locating fluid Not good for soft tissue and fluid types
68
Endoscopy for unilateral nasal discharge
Good for visualizing internal structures, differentiating soft tissue and fluid Not good for bony lesions and severe epistaxis
69
Oral/dental exam for unilateral nasal discharge
Last 3-4 teeth in contact with sinus Dental disease can cause secondary sinusitis
70
Pleuro Pneumonia
Infection of lower respiratory tract extended into pleural space Exudative - sterol transudate into pleural space Fibrinopurulent - bacterial invasion and fibrin deposition Organisation - fibroblasts grow into exudate
71
Risk factors for Pleuro Pneumonia
Viral infection. Strenuous exercise Transportation/head elevation GA Overcrowding Dysphagia
72
Caudal agents of Pleuro Pneumonia
Streptococcus equi .zooepidemicus Staphylococcus aureus Actinobacillus E coli Bacteroides Fusobacterium
73
Clinical signs of pleuropneumonia
Tachycardia/tachypnoea Respiratory distress Fever Anorexia Depression Nasal discharge Exercise intolerance Crackles and dull areas on auscultation
74
Clinical pathology of pleuropneumonia
Neutrophilic leukocytosis Leukopenia Anaemia Increased fibrinogen andcSAA Decreased iron
75
Antibiotic treatment for Pleuro Pneumonia
1st line - penacillin and gentamycin Adjustments on C and S Can use antimicrobials via nebulizers
76
Nebulizer types
Jet - cheap, easy, inefficient, need compressed gas and tubing Ultrasonic - easy and more efficient, large residual volume, degradation with heating Mesh - fast, quiet and portable, easy, efficient, expensive an needs cleaning
77
Thoracocentesis
7/8th ics above costochondral junction Aseptic prep Diagnosis - c and s and cytology Therapeutic - drain, remove bacteria, decrease adhesion formation, improve respiratory function

Year 4 equine (20 decks)

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