Urinary Flashcards
Functions of urinary system
Excrete of metabolic waste and form of urine
regulate body fluid and electrolyte balance
Regulate blood pressure
acid base balance
Excretion
Process of eliminating waste from the body
Integumentary System
Excrete sweat, small amounts of Urea
Digestive/G.I. System
Discrete undigested food as feces
also is sweat, water, lipids, bile pigments, cholesterol
Respiratory system
Excretes CO2 as exhaled hair
Also excuse small amount of other gases in water vapor
Urinary system
Excrete nitrogenous waste and excess water as urine also excrete toxins, drugs, hormones, salts and hydrogen ions
Waste
Any substance that is toxic or present or excess for bodies needs
Nitrogenous waste
Metabolic wastes that contain nitrogen
Toxic even in small quantities it gets filtered out of blood plasma by the kidneys
Major nitrogenous bases
Ammonia, urea, Uric acid, creatinine

Ammonia
Intermediate byproduct of protein breakdown, extremely toxic in small quantities, immediately converted to urea by liver
Urea
Nitrogenous waste from protein metabolism, most common form of nitrogenous waste
Utica acid
Nitrogenous waste from breakdown of nucleic acid, DNA and RNA
Creatinine
Nitrogenous waste from breakdown of phosphocreatine
Present in brain, skeletal muscle and myocardium and helps in short term ATP synthesis
Kidneys
Abdominal cavity in superior lumbar region, right liver pushes down right kidney
Shape of kidney
Like a kidney bean, lateral surface is convex or rounded, medial surface is concave or depressed
Hilum- medial surface where ureter, Blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the kidney 
Renal cortex
Outer most portion protected by fibrous capsule and fat
Renal medulla
Middle portion, 6 to 7 renal pyramids and columns
renal pyramid
Cone shaped section of medulla
Renal papilla- Tip of pyramid, points internally
Renal lobe- Renal pyramid along with overlining cortex contains nephrons
Renal column
Tissues that separate pyramids, contains interlobar arteries and veins
Renal pelvis
Deepest part closest to Hilum
Calyx
Cup like area that drains hearing from each papilla, minor calices join the form major calices
Ureter
Tube that drains urine from major calices
Renal arteries
Branches off abdominal aorta, each renal artery enters the renal hilum Where are they brand into interlobar arteries
Interlobar arteries
Arch over the base of pyramid, send off branches called cortical radiate arteries
Cortical radiate arteries
Radiate outward from arcuate arteries, branch further into microscopic afferent Arteriole
Afferent arteriole
Vessels that carry blood into glomerulus
Glomerulus
Wall of capillaries
Efferent arteriole
Vessels that carry blood from glomerulus to peritubular capillaries
Peritubular capillaries
Netwerk of capillaries surround nephron tubes that drain blood into venuoles
After peritubular capillaries blood then goes to
Venuoles, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal veins
Renal veins
Drain venous blood into IVC
Filtration
Glomerular capillary blood pressure forces water and solutes from plasma across the filtration membrane to enter the nephron
Reabsorption
Some of the filtered water and solutes get reabsorbed out of the nephron to enter back into the plasma
Secretion
Certain solutes are secreted directly into the nephron to end up in urine
What is renal corpuscle consist of
Glomerulus and bowman’s capsule
Glomerulus
Site of filtration, supplies by afferent arterioles, drained by efferent arteriole
Bowman’s capsule
Shaped like cup surrounding the glomerulus
Parietal layer- outer layer of simple squamous epithelium
Visceral layer – inner layer of photosites that clings to glomerular capillaries
capsular space- Space between parietal and visceral layer receives glomerular filtrate in leads into lumen of Renal tubule
Renal tubule consist of
Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct
Glomerular filtrate
Fluid filters in renal corpuscle
Filtrate/ tubular fluid
Fluid as it passes through tubules
Urine
Fluid drain into calices and ureters
Filtration membrane
Fenestrated capillaries endothelium, basement membrane, filtration slits form by podocytes
Fenestrated capillaries endothelium
Endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries have large pores called fenestrations
Basement membrane
Basal lamina, anchors the glomerular to go to bowman’s capsule
Filtration splits formed by podocytes
Podocytes- specialized epithelial cells that form visceral layers of Bowsman capsule
Resembles an octopus with multiple legs, Call the foot processes that wrap around glomerular capillaries
Particles that are too large to pass through the filtration membrane and thus remain in blood
Formed elements, plasma protein, protein bound minerals and hormones
Particles that are small enough to pass through the filtration membrane and become components of the glomerular filtrate
Water, ions or electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, nitrogenous waste
Tubular fluid
When glomerular filtrate enters the renal tubule it becomes tubular fluid
There it will be reabsorption Of certain substances in secretions of others
Anything reabsorbed is taken up by peritubular capillaries to reenter polite, anything secreted will end up secreted in urine
Proximal convoluted tubule
Reabsorption of water, ions, organic nutrients
simple cuboidal epithelium with micro villi on apical surface
Microvilli greatly increases surface area to optimize reabsorption
Cell membrane on basal surface contains many ions pumps necessary for reabsorption
Multiple mitochondria provide energy for reabsorption
Loop of Henle
Descending thin limb consist of simple squamous epithelium with aqua Porins
Thick ascending limb reabsorption of sodium chloride
Distal convoluted tubule
Secretion of ions, acids, drugs and toxins variable reabsorption of water and other ions
simple cuboidal epithelium
less active and reabsorption has a lesser microvilli
Collecting duct
Receives tubular fluids from DCT Of multiple nephrons, reabsorption of water when necessary, simple cuboidal cells
Intercalated cells- Specialize cells that participate in reabsorption and secretion and collecting duct
Cortical nephron
80% of nephron
Mostly within cortex, short loop of Henle that dips into medulla, efferent arteriole supplies peritubular capillaries
Responsible for a regulatory function of kidneys
Justxamedullary nephron
20% nephron
Renal corpuscle of medullary nephrons are close to cortex medulla junction
Long loops of Henle that divide deep into medulla
efferent arteriole supplies the vasa recta, responsible for creating concentrated urine
Ureters
Transport urine to bladder, passes behind bladder
Ureteric orifices
Opening into bladders inferior surface, a small valve at each ureteric orifice traps urine In the bladder preventing reflux of urine
Adventitia
Outer most layer of connective tissue
Muscularis
Multiple layers of smooth muscle arrange longitudinally and circulatory
Mucosa
Innermost layer of transitional epithelium
Bladder
Hollow muscular sack, Stores in helps expel Urine
Support by pelvic diaphragm, located posterior to pubic symphysis
Males- anterior to rectum
Female- anterior to vagina and ureters
On average bladder can store
500-600 ml urine
Trigone
Base of bladder contains opening for
Ureteric orifices, bladder neck leads to urethra
Adventitia
Outer most layer
Detrusor
Middle layer
Consist of smooth muscle fibers arranged in inner and outer longitudinal layer with a middle circulatory layer
When bladder fills with a urine, detrusor
Relaxes and expands bladder
During urination detrusor muscle 
Contracts to squeeze out urine from bladder
Mucosa
Inner most layer
Transitional epithelium
Specialized epithelium only found in ureters and bladder
Umbrella cells
Located on apical surface on transitional epithelium, protects underlying tissues from acidic urine
Lamina propria
Thin layer of connective tissue with elastic fibers
What is transitional epithelium consist of
Umbrella cells, basement membrane, laminate propria
Urethra
Tube that drain urine from bladder
Internal urethral sphincter
Thicken ring of detrusor muscle at bladder neck
When contracted  Hold urine in bladder, when relax allows urine to leave bladder
External urethral sphincter
Ring of skeletal muscle distal to internal urethral sphincter
Made of skeletal muscle
External urethral orifice
Urethral meatus
In females – short, urethral meatus anterior to vaginal orifice
Males- urethra is longer as it passes through prostate and penis located at tip of penis
UTIs can spread into
Cystitis- inflammation of bladder
Pyelitis- Information of ureters
Pyelonephritis- inflammation of kidneys
