Blood

Question 1

Functions of blood

Answer 1

Deliver oxygen and nutrient to tissues
Remove co2 and other waste products from tissues
Circulates immune cells and hormones

Question 2

Average amount of blood in a human adult body

Answer 2

4-6 L

Question 3

Hemorrhage

Answer 3

Loss of blood

Question 4

Loss of 2 units of blood will start to cause

Answer 4

Symptoms pale skin and weakness

Question 5

Loss 3-4 units of blood will cause

Answer 5

An increase in heart rate as blood pressure decreases

Question 6

More than 4 units of blood may lead

Answer 6

To shock and death

Question 7

Hematopoiesis

Answer 7

Production of blood cells

Question 8

Red bone marrow

Answer 8

Contains blood stem cells
Function is hematopoiesis
Location is medullar cavity of skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, is coxae, and proximal ends of humerus and femur

Question 9

Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to

Answer 9

Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

Question 10

Whole blood

Answer 10

Blood drawn directly from body

Question 11

When blood is centrifuge it can be separated into

Answer 11

Plasma- extra cellular fluid component of blood ( makes up 55% of whole blood volume)
Formed elements- solid cellular component of blood
Contains cells and cell fragments which are denser than plasma

Question 12

What are components of formed elements

Answer 12

Buffy coat- middle layer contains wbcs and platelets ( less than 1% of whole blood)
Rbcs- most dense layer (about 45% of whole blood)

Question 13

Plasma

Answer 13

Fluid component of whole blood

Question 14

What are the component of plasma

Answer 14

Clear yellowish fluid that contains water
Plasma proteins, nutrients, nitrogenous waste, hormones, electrolytes, gases

Question 15

How to do blood smears

Answer 15

Small drop of whole blood onto a slide
Spread it into a thin film which is allowed to air dry or preserved with methanol
Wright’s stain- mixture of methylene blue and eosin

Question 16

Red blood cells

Answer 16

Erythrocytes
Most abundant formed elements
Transport oxygen
Oval, biconcave discs
No nucleus and no mitochondria

Question 17

Lifespan of RBC

Answer 17

120 days
Born in red bone marrow
Dies in spleen

Question 18

Hemoglobin

Answer 18

Molecule in RBC that allows for oxygen transport
Contains Fe- able to bind to O2

Question 19

White blood cells

Answer 19

Leukocytes
Immunity
Can leave and enter into body tissues to perform their functions

Question 20

Two groups of leukocytes

Answer 20

Granulocytes- contain visible cytoplasmic granules
Agranulocytes- contain non-staining granules

Question 21

Granulocytes
Neutrophil

Answer 21

Most numerous WBC
multi lobe nucleus with pink granules
Phagocytize bacteria

Question 22

Neutrophilia

Answer 22

Increase neutrophil count
Indicates a bacterial infection

Question 23

Pus

Answer 23

Dead bacterial and spent neutrophils

Question 24

Granulocytes
Eosinophils

Answer 24

Bilobe nucleus with red granules
Release enzymes that can digest parasites

Question 25

Functions of eosinophils

Answer 25

Release enzymes that can digest parasites Phagocytize allergens Helps And allergic reaction by secreting enzymes that degrade histamine

Question 26

Eosinophilia

Answer 26

Increase eosinophils Count indicates  parasitic infection or allergic reaction

Question 27

Granulocytes Basophils

Answer 27

Lease numerous wbc Bilobe nucleus with a large dark purple granules Release histamine during allergic reactions

Question 28

Histamine

Answer 28

Chemicals that make blood vessels leaky allowing for cells to enter tissues more readily

Question 29

Basophilia

Answer 29

Increase basophils count indicate allergic reaction

Question 30

Agranulocytes Lymphocytes

Answer 30

Large severe cold nucleus with no visual granules important players in immune system

Question 31

Three types of lymphocytes

Answer 31

T lymphocytes- thymus Directly attack foreign invaders B lymphocytes-Bone marrow Indirectly fight infections by producing antibodies Natural killer cells – attack native cells that have become infected or cancerous

Question 32

Lymphocytosis

Answer 32

Increase lymphocyte count can indicate acute infection or cancer

Question 33

Agranulocytes Monocytes

Answer 33

V-shaped nucleus with no visual granules Leaves blood enters connective tissue where they become macrophages After infection macrophages clean up dead cells and bacteria to promote wound healing

Question 34

Monocytosis

Answer 34

Increased monocytes Count indicate a long term or chronic infection

Question 35

Agranulocytes Platelets

Answer 35

Thrombocytes Second most abundant formed element Fragments of cell called megakaryocytes Form temporary plugs when blood vessels tear initiate longer lasting blood clot

Question 36

megakaryocytes

Answer 36

Large cells that Reside in bone marrow