Blood Flashcards
Functions of blood
Deliver oxygen and nutrient to tissues
Remove co2 and other waste products from tissues
Circulates immune cells and hormones
Average amount of blood in a human adult body
4-6 L
Hemorrhage
Loss of blood
Loss of 2 units of blood will start to cause
Symptoms pale skin and weakness
Loss 3-4 units of blood will cause
An increase in heart rate as blood pressure decreases
More than 4 units of blood may lead
To shock and death
Hematopoiesis
Production of blood cells
Red bone marrow
Contains blood stem cells
Function is hematopoiesis
Location is medullar cavity of skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, is coxae, and proximal ends of humerus and femur
Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to
Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
Whole blood
Blood drawn directly from body
When blood is centrifuge it can be separated into
Plasma- extra cellular fluid component of blood ( makes up 55% of whole blood volume)
Formed elements- solid cellular component of blood
Contains cells and cell fragments which are denser than plasma
What are components of formed elements
Buffy coat- middle layer contains wbcs and platelets ( less than 1% of whole blood)
Rbcs- most dense layer (about 45% of whole blood)
Plasma
Fluid component of whole blood
What are the component of plasma
Clear yellowish fluid that contains water
Plasma proteins, nutrients, nitrogenous waste, hormones, electrolytes, gases
How to do blood smears
Small drop of whole blood onto a slide
Spread it into a thin film which is allowed to air dry or preserved with methanol
Wright’s stain- mixture of methylene blue and eosin
Red blood cells
Erythrocytes
Most abundant formed elements
Transport oxygen
Oval, biconcave discs
No nucleus and no mitochondria
Lifespan of RBC
120 days
Born in red bone marrow
Dies in spleen
Hemoglobin
Molecule in RBC that allows for oxygen transport
Contains Fe- able to bind to O2
White blood cells
Leukocytes
Immunity
Can leave and enter into body tissues to perform their functions
Two groups of leukocytes
Granulocytes- contain visible cytoplasmic granules
Agranulocytes- contain non-staining granules
Granulocytes
Neutrophil
Most numerous WBC
multi lobe nucleus with pink granules
Phagocytize bacteria
Neutrophilia
Increase neutrophil count
Indicates a bacterial infection
Pus
Dead bacterial and spent neutrophils
Granulocytes
Eosinophils
Bilobe nucleus with red granules
Release enzymes that can digest parasites
Functions of eosinophils
Release enzymes that can digest parasites
Phagocytize allergens
Helps And allergic reaction by secreting enzymes that degrade histamine
Eosinophilia
Increase eosinophils Count indicates  parasitic infection or allergic reaction
Granulocytes
Basophils
Lease numerous wbc
Bilobe nucleus with a large dark purple granules
Release histamine during allergic reactions
Histamine
Chemicals that make blood vessels leaky allowing for cells to enter tissues more readily
Basophilia
Increase basophils count indicate allergic reaction
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Large severe cold nucleus with no visual granules
important players in immune system
Three types of lymphocytes
T lymphocytes- thymus
Directly attack foreign invaders
B lymphocytes-Bone marrow
Indirectly fight infections by producing antibodies
Natural killer cells – attack native cells that have become infected or cancerous
Lymphocytosis
Increase lymphocyte count can indicate acute infection or cancer
Agranulocytes
Monocytes
V-shaped nucleus with no visual granules
Leaves blood enters connective tissue where they become macrophages
After infection macrophages clean up dead cells and bacteria to promote wound healing
Monocytosis
Increased monocytes Count indicate a long term or chronic infection
Agranulocytes
Platelets
Thrombocytes
Second most abundant formed element
Fragments of cell called megakaryocytes
Form temporary plugs when blood vessels tear
initiate longer lasting blood clot
megakaryocytes
Large cells that Reside in bone marrow
