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Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

External respiration

A

Gas exchange between blood in air and lungs

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2
Q

Pulmonary respiration

A

Gas exchange in lungs exchange CO2 for O2 so that CO2 can be exhaled out of the body and O2 be delivered by blood to tissue

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3
Q

Internal respiration 

A

Gas exchange between blood and interstitial fluid surrounding cells and tissues

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4
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Biochemical pathway responsible for oxygen consumption and CO2 production

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5
Q

Ventilation

A

Delivery Of air to and from the lungs

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6
Q

Functions of respiratory system

A

Ventilation, pulmonary respiration, communication, olfactory, acid base balance, swallowing and eliminating waste, transport of respiratory gases, internal respiration

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7
Q

Pulmonary aspiration

A

When food/liquid mistakenly inhaled through airway

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8
Q

Breath holding increases____ Which helps to expel waste in urination and defecation

A

Intra-abdominal pressure

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9
Q

Transport of respiratory gases

A

O2 must be transported from the lungs through the blood to reach all the tissues in cells
CO2 must be transported from tissue through the body to reach the lungs where it can be exhale

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10
Q

 Upper respiratory tract

A

Respiratory organ of head and neck
Nose and nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

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11
Q

Lower respiratory track

A

Respiratory organ of thoracic
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs

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12
Q

Function of nose and nasal cavity

A

To filter, warm, humidify inhaled air

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13
Q

External nose

A

Formed by frontal and nasal bone Superiorly Maxillary bone laterally
Cartilage: Lateral septal and alar cartilage


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14
Q

Nares

A

Nostrils
leads to nasal cavity

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15
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Separated into right and left sides by nasal septum
Roof of nasal cavity formed by ethmoid and sphenoid bone
floor of nasal cavity form by palate

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16
Q

Septum

A

Central wall of nasal cavity formed by perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer bone, septal cartilage

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17
Q

Palate

A

Separates the nasal and oral cavity
Hard palate- Form by palatine and maxillary bone
Soft palate- Form by muscle

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18
Q

Conchae

A

Nasal turbinate
Superior and middle conchae- formed by ethmoid bone
Inferior Conchae
Makes inhaled air turbulence which forces dust, pollen, infectious agents to contact mucus
also increase surface area and allows exhaled air to pick up moisture and heat from mucous membrane

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19
Q

Choana

A

Posterior limit of nasal cavity

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20
Q

Olfactory mucosa

A

Lines superior nasal cavity
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium cilia are inMobile
Olfactory sensory nerve travels through cribiform plate of ethmoid bone And joints to form cranial nerve one


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21
Q

Respiratory mucosa

A

Lines rest of nasal cavity, nasal pharynx, trachea, bronchi, large bronchioles ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium cilia are mobile which helps move mucus

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22
Q

Goblet cells

A

Secrete mucus which traps inhaled Dust, Pollen and infectious agents

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23
Q

 Pharynx

A

Muscular funnel like tube that connects nasal and oral cavity to larynx and esophagus

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24
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Area form choana to soft palate
Conduct air
Opening of the Eustachian tube is auditory tube
And uvula

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25
Eustachian tube
Connects inner ear to nasal pharynx helps equalized inner ear pressure with atmosphere
26
Uvula
Posterior tip of soft palate
27
Oropharynx
Posterior wall of oral cavity extending to uvula or epiglottis Conduct air and food Epithelium changes from pseudostratified columnar to stratified squamous epithelium which is best suited To protect from abrasion and food chemicals
28
Laryngopharynx
Posterior wall of larynx extending from epiglottis to thyroid cartilage conducts air in food
29
Larynx
Cartilaginous Tube that connects tube to trachea Cervical region air conduction in phonation
30
Phonation
Production of sound in speech
31
Epiglottis
Flat of elastic cartilage at superior larynx During swallowing epiglottis folds down prevents food from entering trachea
32
Thyroid cartilage
Large shield like ring of cartilage laryngeal prominence- Adam’s apple anterior bulge of thyroid cartilage act as a surface landmark
33
Cricoid Cartilage
Ring of cartilage inferior to thyroid cartilage
34
Cricothyroid Ligament
Membrane between thyroid in cricoid cartilage
35
Cricothyrotomy
Surgically incision in cricoid Thyroid ligament for airway
36
Vocal cords
Vibrate for formation 
37
Glottis
Voice box voice cords and the opening between them Loudness is determined by force of air passing through glottis During abdominal straining glottis closes to prevent excitation 
38
Valsalva Maneuver
In abdominal straining abdominal muscles contract, hold breath to increase abdominal pressure In pooping higher abdominal pressure helps to push feces out of the rectum
39
Trachea
Windpipe tube that connects the larynx to bronchi mediastinum anterior to esophagus Supported by C-shaped rings of cartilage that keeps lumen of trachea open at all times
40
Trachealis
Smooth muscle that connects the ends of trachea rings control diameter of trachea during coughing and sneezing contraction of trachealis helps accelerate the movement of air Inner lining of trachea is respiratory mucosa
41
Mucociliary escalator
Mechanism of debris removal mucus traps inhaled particles and potentially infectious agents cilia be upward to move mucus towards pharynx which can spit out or swallowed
42
Conducting zone
Area that conduct airway with no gas exchange includes nose, nasal Cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
43
Respiratory zone
Area that perform gas exchange includes alveoli, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacks
44
Bronchial tree
Branching system of airway looks like an upside down tree
45
 carina
Tracheal bifurcation Area where trachea splits to primary bronchi
46
Primary bronchi
Main bronchi Right main Brocious is Whiter, more vertical then left aspiration of a foreign object is more likely to end up here each primary bronchi divides into smaller diameter secondary bronchi
47
Secondary bronchi
Lobar bronchi Three on the right two on the left each secondary bronchi enters lobe of lung then further divides into Tertiary bronchi
48
Tertiary bronchi
Segmental brachii enters a segment of lung then further divides into smaller and smaller tubes until we get to the bronchioles
49
Bronchioles
Are less than 1 mm in diameter divides into smaller and smaller branches until we get to the microscopic terminal bronchioles
50
Terminal bronchioles
Final branches of conducting zone divides further into respiratory bronchioles
51
Respiratory bronchioles
Largest diameter airway that contains alveoli Consider to be the beginning of respiratory zone because they participate in gas exchange each respiratory bronchioles lead into passages call alveolar ducts
52
Alveolar ducts
Walls of alveolar ducts also contained alveoli and in alveolar sacs
53
Alveolar sacs
Terminal cluster of alveoli
54
The bronchial tree has about 23 orders of branching which
Maximize his surface area by the time air gets to the alveoli
55
Supporting connective tissue changes
Rings of cartilage scene and trachea are replaced by Irregular plates of cartilage in main bronchi Cartilage Completely disappear at level of bronchioles Elastic fibers are present throughout from bronchioles to Alveoli
56
Epithelium changes
Respiratory mucosa seen in larger airways simple cuboidal epithelium in the terminal and respiratory bronchioles mostly simple squamous epithelium in the alveoli
57
Smooth muscle becomes important
Smooth muscle forms the tracheas Continues into the large bronchi  Helical Bands of smooth muscle wrap around bronchioles help regulate amount of air entering Alveoli Smooth muscle thins in smaller bronchioles and is completely absent in alveoli
58
Alveoli
Functional unit of lungs make up lung parenchyma  Spongy appearance when filled
59
Parenchyma
Functional tissue of organ 
60
Type one alveolar cell
Thin, flat, squamous epithelial cells makes up walls of alverlous for gas exchange
61
Type two alveolar cell
Cuboidal scattered among the type one cells makes pulmonary surfactant
62
Pulmonary surfactant
Mixture of water, lipids, proteins that coat inner surface of alveolar reduce surface tension and prevent walls from collapsing during exhalation
63
Alveolar macrophages
Dust cells Free moving cells that Rome around inner surface of areolous  Finger size inhale particles that invade the mucociliary escalator
64
Alveoli are surrounded by fine ___ that help them keep their shape during repeated cycles of air inflation and deflation
Elastic fibers
65
Alveolar pores
Small holes between adjacent alveoli Allows for equalization of air pressure throughout lungs and provide alternate route for air to reach alveoli Whose bronchi Have collapsed because of trauma or disease
66
Pulmonary circulation
Each of Alveolus is surrounded by web of capillaries that are critical for gas exchange Are extension of pulmonary arteries which carry deoxygenated blood from right heart Once gas exchange occurs a pulmonary capillaries send freshly oxygenated blood into the pulmonary veins to left heart
67
Respiratory membrane
Interface between alveolus and capillaries has to be very thin to allow for simple diffusion of gases components are alveolar cell 1, Capillary endothelial cells, shared basement membrane
68
Lungs
Division of right and left bronchi 
69
Apex
Blount peak extends 1 inch Towards clavicle
70
Base
Broad inferior border, sits on top of diaphragm forms concave surface
71
Hilum
Indentation in medial surface where bronchi, nerves, vessels exit and enter lungs
72
Costal Surfaces
Anterior lateral and posterior surface of lung contact ribs
73
Cardiac notch/impression
Depression on Antero medial left lung for heart
74
Right lung
Three lobes – superior, middle, inferior Separated by two grooves horizontal fissure - between superior and middle lobe Oblique fissure - between middle and inferior lobe
75
Left lung
Two lobes – superior and inferior Separated by one groove oblique fissure between left superior and left inferior
76
Each load receives air from
Secondary Or lobar bronchi
77
Each lobe contains bronchopulmonary segment which receives air from
tertiary Or segmental bronchi
78
Segments are separated from one another by thin sheets of connective tissue which
Help to compartmentalize the segments
79
Lobules
Smallest subdivision that can be seen with the naked eye appears on lung surface as hexagons ranging from size of a pencil eraser to size of a penny receives air from bronchioles
80
Pleura
Serious membrane that in cases each lung separate lungs from mediastinum and other organs in thoracic cavity Prevents the movement of the lungs from interfering with the movement of the heart can limit the spread of local infection or the effect of trauma
81
Parietal layer
Outer layer lines inner surface of chest wall, mediastinum and upper surface of diaphragm
82
visceral layer
Inner layer lines outer most surface of lungs
83
Pleural cavity
Space between parietal and visceral pleura Contains pleural fluid 
84
Pleural fluid
Lubrication forms seal that adheres lungs to thoracic cage helps to expand the lungs during inhalation
85
Ventilation
Inspiration and expiration main muscle of respiration is diaphragm movement of air depends on pressure gradients
86
At a given altitude atmospheric pressure is constant intrapulmonary pressure
Changes during inspiration and expiration
87
For air to move from the atmosphere into lungs atmospheric pressure has to be
Greater intrapulmonary pressure
88
For air to move from the lungs into the atmosphere atmospheric pressure has to be
Less than intrapulmonary pressure
89
Diaphragm
Main muscle of ventilation Innveration: phrenic nerve c3- c5 spinal nerve Dome shaped contraction causes flattening and lowering
90
External muscles
Muscles between ribs innervation intercostal nerve from thoracic spinal nerve contraction causes ribs to swing in and out effects on dimensions of the thoracic cavity makes it wider
91
Pleural fluid
Thin film of fluid between the visceral and parietal pleura Creates a seal between thoracic and pleural cage As the chest wall expands it pulls outer surface of
92
Pneumothorax
Collapsed lung due to air entering pleural cavity
93
During quiet breathing diaphragm is the____ For inspiration in the intercostals are the____
Agonist ; synergist
94
Sternocleidomastoid and scalenes
Hope to elevate ribs
95
Pectoralis major and minor
Helps to pull ribs laterally
96
Quadratics lumborum
By fixing the 12th rib, helps to Downfall of diaphragm
97
Erector Spinae
By extending the spine, helps to increase the anterior thoracic volume
98
During quiet breathing expiration is
Mostly passive due to classic recoil of lungs
99
Internal and external obliques
Help depressed rib cage to decrease thoracic volume
100
Transverse abdominous
Increase intra-abdominal pressure forcing diaphragm superiorly
101
Latissimus dorsi
Helps to depress posterior rib cage
102
Central respiratory group is the brains most important respiratory system located
In medulla oblongata acts to set respiratory rate and rhythm
103
The___ can help smooth out respiratory pattern
Pons
104
the ___ in the medulla integrate sensory input to influence respiratory rate
Dorsal respiratory group
105
The ____ Can provide us with conscious control of breathing
Cerebral cortex
106
The __ Allows for emotion to influence breathing
Limbic system
107
Chemoreceptors
Blood pH and concentration of gases in blood can influence respiration
108
Central chemoreceptors
Are present in medulla oblongata
109
Parietal chemo receptors
Or outside of nervous system aortic bodies are located in arch of aorta send the information to the vagus nerve Carotid bodies are located in bfornication in common carotid Into the internal and external carotid artery send information through the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve

Anatomy (19 decks)

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