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Anatomy > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

External respiration

A

Gas exchange between blood in air and lungs

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2
Q

Pulmonary respiration

A

Gas exchange in lungs exchange CO2 for O2 so that CO2 can be exhaled out of the body and O2 be delivered by blood to tissue

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3
Q

Internal respiration 

A

Gas exchange between blood and interstitial fluid surrounding cells and tissues

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4
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Biochemical pathway responsible for oxygen consumption and CO2 production

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5
Q

Ventilation

A

Delivery Of air to and from the lungs

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6
Q

Functions of respiratory system

A

Ventilation, pulmonary respiration, communication, olfactory, acid base balance, swallowing and eliminating waste, transport of respiratory gases, internal respiration

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7
Q

Pulmonary aspiration

A

When food/liquid mistakenly inhaled through airway

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8
Q

Breath holding increases____ Which helps to expel waste in urination and defecation

A

Intra-abdominal pressure

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9
Q

Transport of respiratory gases

A

O2 must be transported from the lungs through the blood to reach all the tissues in cells
CO2 must be transported from tissue through the body to reach the lungs where it can be exhale

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10
Q

 Upper respiratory tract

A

Respiratory organ of head and neck
Nose and nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

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11
Q

Lower respiratory track

A

Respiratory organ of thoracic
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs

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12
Q

Function of nose and nasal cavity

A

To filter, warm, humidify inhaled air

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13
Q

External nose

A

Formed by frontal and nasal bone Superiorly Maxillary bone laterally
Cartilage: Lateral septal and alar cartilage


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14
Q

Nares

A

Nostrils
leads to nasal cavity

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15
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Separated into right and left sides by nasal septum
Roof of nasal cavity formed by ethmoid and sphenoid bone
floor of nasal cavity form by palate

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16
Q

Septum

A

Central wall of nasal cavity formed by perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer bone, septal cartilage

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17
Q

Palate

A

Separates the nasal and oral cavity
Hard palate- Form by palatine and maxillary bone
Soft palate- Form by muscle

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18
Q

Conchae

A

Nasal turbinate
Superior and middle conchae- formed by ethmoid bone
Inferior Conchae
Makes inhaled air turbulence which forces dust, pollen, infectious agents to contact mucus
also increase surface area and allows exhaled air to pick up moisture and heat from mucous membrane

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19
Q

Choana

A

Posterior limit of nasal cavity

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20
Q

Olfactory mucosa

A

Lines superior nasal cavity
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium cilia are inMobile
Olfactory sensory nerve travels through cribiform plate of ethmoid bone And joints to form cranial nerve one


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21
Q

Respiratory mucosa

A

Lines rest of nasal cavity, nasal pharynx, trachea, bronchi, large bronchioles ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium cilia are mobile which helps move mucus

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22
Q

Goblet cells

A

Secrete mucus which traps inhaled Dust, Pollen and infectious agents

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23
Q

 Pharynx

A

Muscular funnel like tube that connects nasal and oral cavity to larynx and esophagus

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24
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Area form choana to soft palate
Conduct air
Opening of the Eustachian tube is auditory tube
And uvula

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25
Q

Eustachian tube

A

Connects inner ear to nasal pharynx helps equalized inner ear pressure with atmosphere

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26
Q

Uvula

A

Posterior tip of soft palate

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27
Q

Oropharynx

A

Posterior wall of oral cavity extending to uvula or epiglottis
Conduct air and food
Epithelium changes from pseudostratified columnar to stratified squamous epithelium which is best suited To protect from abrasion and food chemicals

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28
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Posterior wall of larynx extending from epiglottis to thyroid cartilage
conducts air in food

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29
Q

Larynx

A

Cartilaginous Tube that connects tube to trachea
Cervical region air conduction in phonation

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30
Q

Phonation

A

Production of sound in speech

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31
Q

Epiglottis

A

Flat of elastic cartilage at superior larynx
During swallowing epiglottis folds down prevents food from entering trachea

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32
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

Large shield like ring of cartilage laryngeal prominence- Adam’s apple anterior bulge of thyroid cartilage act as a surface landmark

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33
Q

Cricoid Cartilage

A

Ring of cartilage inferior to thyroid cartilage

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34
Q

Cricothyroid Ligament

A

Membrane between thyroid in cricoid cartilage

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35
Q

Cricothyrotomy

A

Surgically incision in cricoid Thyroid ligament for airway

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36
Q

Vocal cords

A

Vibrate for formation 

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37
Q

Glottis

A

Voice box
voice cords and the opening between them
Loudness is determined by force of air passing through glottis
During abdominal straining glottis closes to prevent excitation 

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38
Q

Valsalva Maneuver

A

In abdominal straining abdominal muscles contract, hold breath to increase abdominal pressure
In pooping higher abdominal pressure helps to push feces out of the rectum

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39
Q

Trachea

A

Windpipe
tube that connects the larynx to bronchi mediastinum anterior to esophagus
Supported by C-shaped rings of cartilage that keeps lumen of trachea open at all times

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40
Q

Trachealis

A

Smooth muscle that connects the ends of trachea rings
control diameter of trachea
during coughing and sneezing contraction of trachealis helps accelerate the movement of air
Inner lining of trachea is respiratory mucosa

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41
Q

Mucociliary escalator

A

Mechanism of debris removal mucus traps inhaled particles and potentially infectious agents
cilia be upward to move mucus towards pharynx which can spit out or swallowed

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42
Q

Conducting zone

A

Area that conduct airway with no gas exchange includes nose, nasal Cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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43
Q

Respiratory zone

A

Area that perform gas exchange includes alveoli, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacks

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44
Q

Bronchial tree

A

Branching system of airway looks like an upside down tree

45
Q

 carina

A

Tracheal bifurcation
Area where trachea splits to primary bronchi

46
Q

Primary bronchi

A

Main bronchi
Right main Brocious is Whiter, more vertical then left aspiration of a foreign object is more likely to end up here
each primary bronchi divides into smaller diameter secondary bronchi

47
Q

Secondary bronchi

A

Lobar bronchi
Three on the right two on the left
each secondary bronchi enters lobe of lung then further divides into Tertiary bronchi

48
Q

Tertiary bronchi

A

Segmental brachii enters a segment of lung then further divides into smaller and smaller tubes until we get to the bronchioles

49
Q

Bronchioles

A

Are less than 1 mm in diameter
divides into smaller and smaller branches until we get to the microscopic terminal bronchioles

50
Q

Terminal bronchioles

A

Final branches of conducting zone divides further into respiratory bronchioles

51
Q

Respiratory bronchioles

A

Largest diameter airway that contains alveoli
Consider to be the beginning of respiratory zone because they participate in gas exchange each respiratory bronchioles lead into passages call alveolar ducts

52
Q

Alveolar ducts

A

Walls of alveolar ducts also contained alveoli and in alveolar sacs

53
Q

Alveolar sacs

A

Terminal cluster of alveoli

54
Q

The bronchial tree has about 23 orders of branching which

A

Maximize his surface area by the time air gets to the alveoli

55
Q

Supporting connective tissue changes

A

Rings of cartilage scene and trachea are replaced by Irregular plates of cartilage in main bronchi
Cartilage Completely disappear at level of bronchioles
Elastic fibers are present throughout from bronchioles to Alveoli

56
Q

Epithelium changes

A

Respiratory mucosa seen in larger airways
simple cuboidal epithelium in the terminal and respiratory bronchioles mostly simple squamous epithelium in the alveoli

57
Q

Smooth muscle becomes important

A

Smooth muscle forms the tracheas Continues into the large bronchi
 Helical Bands of smooth muscle wrap around bronchioles help regulate amount of air entering Alveoli
Smooth muscle thins in smaller bronchioles and is completely absent in alveoli

58
Q

Alveoli

A

Functional unit of lungs
make up lung parenchyma 
Spongy appearance when filled

59
Q

Parenchyma

A

Functional tissue of organ 

60
Q

Type one alveolar cell

A

Thin, flat, squamous epithelial cells makes up walls of alverlous for gas exchange

61
Q

Type two alveolar cell

A

Cuboidal scattered among the type one cells makes pulmonary surfactant

62
Q

Pulmonary surfactant

A

Mixture of water, lipids, proteins that coat inner surface of alveolar reduce surface tension and prevent walls from collapsing during exhalation

63
Q

Alveolar macrophages

A

Dust cells
Free moving cells that Rome around inner surface of areolous 
Finger size inhale particles that invade the mucociliary escalator

64
Q

Alveoli are surrounded by fine ___ that help them keep their shape during repeated cycles of air inflation and deflation

A

Elastic fibers

65
Q

Alveolar pores

A

Small holes between adjacent alveoli
Allows for equalization of air pressure throughout lungs and provide alternate route for air to reach alveoli Whose bronchi Have collapsed because of trauma or disease

66
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Each of Alveolus is surrounded by web of capillaries that are critical for gas exchange
Are extension of pulmonary arteries which carry deoxygenated blood from right heart
Once gas exchange occurs a pulmonary capillaries send freshly oxygenated blood into the pulmonary veins to left heart

67
Q

Respiratory membrane

A

Interface between alveolus and capillaries
has to be very thin to allow for simple diffusion of gases
components are alveolar cell 1, Capillary endothelial cells, shared basement membrane

68
Q

Lungs

A

Division of right and left bronchi


69
Q

Apex

A

Blount peak extends 1 inch Towards clavicle

70
Q

Base

A

Broad inferior border, sits on top of diaphragm forms concave surface

71
Q

Hilum

A

Indentation in medial surface where bronchi, nerves, vessels exit and enter lungs

72
Q

Costal Surfaces

A

Anterior lateral and posterior surface of lung contact ribs

73
Q

Cardiac notch/impression

A

Depression on Antero medial left lung for heart

74
Q

Right lung

A

Three lobes – superior, middle, inferior
Separated by two grooves
horizontal fissure - between superior and middle lobe
Oblique fissure - between middle and inferior lobe

75
Q

Left lung

A

Two lobes – superior and inferior
Separated by one groove
oblique fissure between left superior and left inferior

76
Q

Each load receives air from

A

Secondary Or lobar bronchi

77
Q

Each lobe contains bronchopulmonary segment which receives air from

A

tertiary Or segmental bronchi

78
Q

Segments are separated from one another by thin sheets of connective tissue which

A

Help to compartmentalize the segments

79
Q

Lobules

A

Smallest subdivision that can be seen with the naked eye
appears on lung surface as hexagons ranging from size of a pencil eraser to size of a penny
receives air from bronchioles

80
Q

Pleura

A

Serious membrane that in cases each lung
separate lungs from mediastinum and other organs in thoracic cavity
Prevents the movement of the lungs from interfering with the movement of the heart
can limit the spread of local infection or the effect of trauma

81
Q

Parietal layer

A

Outer layer
lines inner surface of chest wall, mediastinum and upper surface of diaphragm

82
Q

visceral layer

A

Inner layer
lines outer most surface of lungs

83
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Space between parietal and visceral pleura
Contains pleural fluid 

84
Q

Pleural fluid

A

Lubrication
forms seal that adheres lungs to thoracic cage helps to expand the lungs during inhalation

85
Q

Ventilation

A

Inspiration and expiration
main muscle of respiration is diaphragm
movement of air depends on pressure gradients

86
Q

At a given altitude atmospheric pressure is constant intrapulmonary pressure

A

Changes during inspiration and expiration

87
Q

For air to move from the atmosphere into lungs atmospheric pressure has to be

A

Greater intrapulmonary pressure

88
Q

For air to move from the lungs into the atmosphere atmospheric pressure has to be

A

Less than intrapulmonary pressure

89
Q

Diaphragm

A

Main muscle of ventilation
Innveration: phrenic nerve c3- c5 spinal nerve
Dome shaped contraction causes flattening and lowering

90
Q

External muscles

A

Muscles between ribs
innervation intercostal nerve from thoracic spinal nerve
contraction causes ribs to swing in and out
effects on dimensions of the thoracic cavity makes it wider

91
Q

Pleural fluid

A

Thin film of fluid between the visceral and parietal pleura Creates a seal between thoracic and pleural cage
As the chest wall expands it pulls outer surface of

92
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Collapsed lung due to air entering pleural cavity

93
Q

During quiet breathing diaphragm is the____ For inspiration in the intercostals are the____

A

Agonist ; synergist

94
Q

Sternocleidomastoid and scalenes

A

Hope to elevate ribs

95
Q

Pectoralis major and minor

A

Helps to pull ribs laterally

96
Q

Quadratics lumborum

A

By fixing the 12th rib, helps to Downfall of diaphragm

97
Q

Erector Spinae

A

By extending the spine, helps to increase the anterior thoracic volume

98
Q

During quiet breathing expiration is

A

Mostly passive due to classic recoil of lungs

99
Q

Internal and external obliques

A

Help depressed rib cage to decrease thoracic volume

100
Q

Transverse abdominous

A

Increase intra-abdominal pressure forcing diaphragm superiorly

101
Q

Latissimus dorsi

A

Helps to depress posterior rib cage

102
Q

Central respiratory group is the brains most important respiratory system located

A

In medulla oblongata
acts to set respiratory rate and rhythm

103
Q

The___ can help smooth out respiratory pattern

A

Pons

104
Q

the ___ in the medulla integrate sensory input to influence respiratory rate

A

Dorsal respiratory group

105
Q

The ____ Can provide us with conscious control of breathing

A

Cerebral cortex

106
Q

The __ Allows for emotion to influence breathing

A

Limbic system

107
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Blood pH and concentration of gases in blood can influence respiration

108
Q

Central chemoreceptors

A

Are present in medulla oblongata

109
Q

Parietal chemo receptors

A

Or outside of nervous system
aortic bodies are located in arch of aorta send the information to the vagus nerve
Carotid bodies are located in bfornication in common carotid Into the internal and external carotid artery send information through the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve

Anatomy (19 decks)

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