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Anatomy > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Embryonic period

A

First 8 weeks of prenatal period
Where major organs are formed from three primary germ layers

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2
Q

Fetal period

A

Remaining 30 weeks
Organs continue to develop in size and complexity

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3
Q

Tube within a tube

A

Inner tube- digestive and respiratory tracts
Outer tube- consist of muscles and bones

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4
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

Most body structures are paired with some exceptions

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5
Q

What has Dorsal hollow nerve cord and what does it develop into?

A

All vertebrate embryos have a hollow nerve cord that develops into the brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

What does the Notochord form into

A

Embryonic notochord forms just deep to the spinal cord and is quickly replaced by the vertebrae which makes up spinal column or backbone

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7
Q

Segmentation

A

Outer tube of the body develops into segments which are repeating units of similar structures

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8
Q

Oocyte

A

Female reproductive cell

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9
Q

Cleavage

A

Multiple cell division of zygote

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10
Q

Morula

A

Cluster of 12-16 cells formed by day 4

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11
Q

What are Blastocyst and their characteristics

A

Cluster of 60 cells
Will implant in the uterus around day 6
Fluid filled cavity in the center and inner cell mass and trophoblast

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12
Q

Inner cell mass

A

Cluster of cells on one side of the cavity
Will form the embryo

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13
Q

In some pregnancies The inner cell mass of a single blastocyst will split into two causes

A

Identical twins

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14
Q

Trophoblast

A

Layer of cells surrounding the cavity and inner cell mass
Help form the placenta

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15
Q

By day 9, inner cell mass have divided into

A

Two sheets of cell known as the bilaminar embryonic disc

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16
Q

The ____ form the bilaminar embryonic disc which give rise to the embryo

A

Epiblast and hypoblast

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17
Q

What are Epiblast and what’s do they form

A

Cells form most of the embryo
Forms amniotic sac

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18
Q

Amnion

A

Outer membrane of amniotic sac

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19
Q

What is Amniotic fluid

A

Fluid that acts to cushion the developing embryo up until birth

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20
Q

Hypoblast

A

Extension of the hypoblast form yolk sac

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21
Q

What does Yolk sac develop into

A

Give rise to digestive tract

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22
Q

Gastrulation

A

During week 3 the bilaminar embryo develops into 3 layers known as embryonic disc

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23
Q

Endodrerm

A

Day 14-15 the primitive steak appears on the dorsal surface of the Epiblast
Epiblast cells migrate toward the primitive streak and displace the hypoblast to become the endoderm

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24
Q

How does Mesoderm form

A

Day 16 some Epiblast cell burrow down from the primitive stream to form the mesoderm

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25
Q

Ectoderm

A

Epiblast cells that remain on the dorsal surface become the ectoderm

26
Q

Neurulation

A

Development of brain and spinal cord

27
Q

Primitive node

A

Swelling at the end of the primitive streak

28
Q

What appears on day 16 and by day 18 it reaches the cranial or cephalic region of the embryo

A

Notochord

29
Q

Presence of the notochord includes the ectoderm in the dorsal midline to thicken and become

A

Neural plate

30
Q

Neuro plate starts to fold inward to become the

A

Neural groove

31
Q

Neural groove depends into a

A

Neural tube

32
Q

What does Neural tube do

A

Closest off at the neck and proceeds cranially in caudally

33
Q

Neural crest cells

A

Originate from ectoderm and form nerve cells

34
Q

Anencephaly

A

Developmental disorder when neural tube fails to close cranially
The rain does not develop in the baby is either stillborn or dies
Associated with low maternal folate levels

35
Q

What are the different regions of the mesoderm by the end of week 3

A

Somites, intermediate mesoderm, lateral plate

36
Q

where are Somites and what do they form

A

Area of mesoderm closest to the notochord forms segmental bulges Visible on the dorsal surface

37
Q

Intermediate mesoderm

A

Series of spherical segments attached to Somites 

38
Q

Lateral plate

A

Most lateral part of mesoderm remains unsegmented but splits into two sheets
Somatic and splanchnic mesoderm

39
Q

Somatic mesoderm

A

Next to ectoderm

40
Q

Splanchnic mesoderm

A

Next to endoderm

41
Q

Coelom

A

Wedged like space the form between the two layers
Will become serous cavities of the ventral body cavity

42
Q

Folding occurs during week 4 body goes from a flat disk to

A

3D cylinder shape by folding into a tube
Growth of Somites causes sides of embryo to join
Head and tail regions fold under expanding the brain and spinal cord

43
Q

Derivatives of ectoderm

A

Ectoderm becomes the outer tube: brain, spinal cord and skin epidermis

44
Q

Derivatives of endoderm

A

Endoderm becomes the inner epithelial lining of the inner tube: gut and respiratory tubes

45
Q

Derivatives of mesoderm

A

Somites divide into three parts

46
Q

Sclerotome

A

Produce vertebrae and ribs

47
Q

Dermatome

A

Produce skin dermis in dorsal body

48
Q

Myotome

A

Produces muscles and help form the limb buds

49
Q

Intermediate mesoderm

A

Forms kidneys and gonads

50
Q

Somatic mesoderm

A

Gives rise to skin dermis in ventral body and helps form the limb buds

51
Q

Splanchnic mesoderm

A

Gives rise to digestive and respiratory tubes, heart and blood vessels

52
Q

Around day 28/ week 5-8 what happens

A

Limb buds start to appear
Head enlarges and face starts to appear
Most major organs are formed during the second month of development so that any disruption during this time can result in birth defects

53
Q

When can heartbeat be detected

A

By 6-7 weeks by ultrasound

54
Q

Week 9-12 month 3 is when what happens

A

Brain continues to enlarge
Trunk and limbs elongate
Bone marrow starts to produce blood cells
Lungs begin to develop and fetus inhaled and exhales the amniotic fluid instead of air

55
Q

When can sex be determined

A

Month 3

56
Q

Weeks 13-16 month 4

A

Bone formation begins in vertebrae
Myelin start to form around nerve cells
Kidneys form

57
Q

Weeks 17-20 month 5

A

Brain grows

58
Q

When does quickening start

A

Month 5

59
Q

Weeks 21-30 months 6-7

A

Lungs complete development and start to produce pulmonary surfactant at end of month 6
Premature infants born before month 6 may die from respiratory distress

60
Q

week 31-38 month 8-9

A

Skin thickens and fat accumulates
Immune systems begins to develop
Normal birth

Anatomy (19 decks)

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