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Anatomy > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the skeletal system composed of

A

Bones, cartilage (Articulations), connective tissue (ligaments and tendons)

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2
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system

A

Support, provide leverage for body movement, protection, store minerals and lipids And blood cells synthesis

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3
Q

What is Cartilage‘a function

A

Support, cushion, and absorb shock
Avascular

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4
Q

What are the components of cartilage

A

Ground substance which holds a lot of water and helps resist compression
Collagen fibers which provides strength and flexibility
Elastic fibers which allow for elastic recoil
Chondroblasts which form extra cellular matrix and give rise to the chondrocytes
Chondrocytes which maintain and repair matrix

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5
Q

What are the three types of cartilage tissue

A

Hyaline cartilage – firm matrix with collagen fibers
Elastic cartilage – for matrix with elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage – for matrix with extra thick collagen fibers

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6
Q

In embryos what is the skeleton first made up of (cartilage tissue)

A

Hyaline cartilage

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7
Q

Where is the cartilage that’s not replaced by bones in adults

A

Articular cartilage – cover ends of long bones
Articular disc – found in certain movable joints
Costal cartilage – connect ribs to sternum
Laryngeal cartilage- Found in voice box
Tracheal/bronchial Cartilage – support windpipe
Nasal cartilage – support external nose
Intervertebral disc – separate and cushion vertebrae

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8
Q

What are the four types of bone cells

A

Osteogenic cells – bone stem cells
osteoblasts– Immature bone cells
Osteocytes – mature bone cells
Osteoclasts- Bone dissolving cells

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9
Q

What are the functions of osteogenic cells

A

They are bone stem cells that give rise to osteoblast and osteocytes

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10
Q

What are the functions of osteoblasts

A

Immature bone cells that lay down new bone matrix

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11
Q

What are the functions of osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix

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12
Q

What are Osteoclasts and their function

A

Bone dissolving cells that break down bone matrix

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13
Q

What are the two components of bone matrix

A

Collagen fibers and ground substance

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14
Q

What are collagen fibers And their function

A

Protein component of bone that provides Flexibility and tensile strength

Without collagen bone would be brittle and shatter underweight

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15
Q

What is ground substance and what is their function

A

It contains calcium phosphate which is a mineral component of the bone and makes bone hard and durable

Without calcium phosphate bone Would be too flexible and soft to carry weight

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16
Q

What is bone homeostasis

A

Maintenance of bone matrix

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17
Q

Bone is a living dynamic tissue, bone cells continually recycle the protein ______ And minerals ______ Of the bone matrix

A

Collagen, calcium phosphate

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18
Q

___ and ___ do this by dissolving the adjacent matrix and releasing the minerals into the bloodstream

A

Osteoclasts and osteocytes

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19
Q

__ and __ Then rebuild the matrix by redepositing calcium and phosphate obtained from the bloodstream

A

Osteoblasts and osteocytes

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20
Q

Osseous tissue

A

Bone tissue

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21
Q

What are the five classifications of bone

A

Long bone, short bone, flat bone, irregular bone and sesamoid bone

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22
Q

What is Diaphysis and function

A

Shaft
Long hollow to that provide leverage for muscles
The walls are made up of compact bone in the hollow shaft contains bone marrow

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23
Q

Why are bones highly vascular

A

Because blood supply is critical for bone formation and bone homeostasis

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24
Q

Name of hole in diaphysis that allows blood vessels to penetrate bone

A

Nutrient foramen

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25
Q

Metaphysis

A

Zone between diaphysis and ends of long bones

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26
Q

Where is Epiphysis and what is the function

A

 proximal and distal end of long bones
Shaped like enlarged knobby ends
Helps form joints and provide attachment site for tendons and ligaments
Spongy bone with outer shell of compact bone

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27
Q

What is articular cartilage

A

Thin layer of smooth hyaline cartilage that covers the epiphyses

Provide low friction service and articular 

28
Q

 what are the six histological features of long bones

A

Compact bone, medullary cavity, spongy bone, Periosteum, endosteum and epiphyseal

29
Q

What is compact bone

A

Dense Osseotissue 
Outer walls of Epiphysis and diaphysis

30
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Hollow cavity within diaphysis
Contains bone marrow 

31
Q

Spongy bone

A

Trabecular bone
Mainly in Epiphysis
Almost always enclosed by more durable compact bone

32
Q

Periosteum

A

Connective tissue membrane that surrounds compact bone
Outer bone surface except joints where articular cartilage is found
Contains osteogenic cells osteoblast And osteoclasts
For bone growth remodeling and healing

33
Q

What happens if periosteum is removed or damaged during injury

A

New bone cannot grow and fracture cannot heal

34
Q

Endosteum

A

Connected tissue that lines the medullary cavity
Inner surface of diaphysis
Contains osteogenic osteoblasts and osteoclasts
For bone growth remodeling and healing

35
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Epiphysis near the metaphysis
Hyaline cartilage tissue type
Longitudinal bone growth in children


36
Q

What is the Epiphyseal line

A

When Long bone has stopped growing, Highland cartilage is replaced by bone

On x-rays bone appear light to radio opaque
Cartilage appears dark to radiolucent x-rays because they can pass through cartilage 

37
Q

What are compact bones Consist of

A

Bone cells and bone matrix arranged in cylinder osteon

38
Q

Another name for osteon

A

Haversian system

39
Q

What is osteon

A

A basic functional unit of compact bone
Smallest structure capable of carrying out main function of system
Run along the long axis of bone
Resemble targets of a central canal as bull’s-eyes

40
Q

Another name for central canal

A

Haversian canal

41
Q

What is the function of central canal

A

Carry blood vessels and nerves to osteon
Generally run parallel to the surface of the bone

42
Q

What is another name for perforating canals

A

Volkman canal

43
Q

What is the function for perforating canals

A

Connect central canal of neighboring osteons
Generally run perpendicular to the surface of the bone

44
Q

What is lamellae and the two types

A

Layers of bone matrix
Concentric lamellae and circumferential lamellae

45
Q

Concentric lamellae

A

Layers arranged and rings around central canal

Osteocytes, lacunae, canaliculi

46
Q

Circumferential lamellae

A

Layers of bone matrix that hold together multiple osteon
Found in inner and outer border of compact bone, It wraps around and hold together clusters of osteon
To resist twisting forces

47
Q

What is the function of osteons in compact bone

A

Longitudinal orientation of multiple Osteons provide great compressive strength

48
Q

What type of bone is loosely organized osseous tissue
Where the cells and bone matrix form trabeculae

A

Spongy/trabecular bone

49
Q

What is trabeculae

A

Spike of bone matrix in multiple direction that form delicate web
Mainly in Epiphyses and metaphyses

50
Q

What is the function of trabeculae

A

To provide some strength without adding additional weight
Houses bone marrow in between trabeculae

51
Q

What are the two kinds of bone marrow

A

Red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow

52
Q

Red bone marrow

A

Blood stem cells that produce red and white blood cells

53
Q

What type of Bone marrow is found in almost all bones in infants

A

Red bone marrow

54
Q

During development bone marrow turns into ___

A

Yellow bone marrow

55
Q

Red marrow is found only in the medullary cavities of

A

Skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, headphones, proximal epiphyses of humorous and femur bone

56
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

Adiposites for energy storage

57
Q

Where is yellow bone marrow found in adults

A

In all medullary cavities of extremities except proximal end of humerus and femur bones

58
Q

Bone growth lengthwise

A

Growth along the long axis of bone
Responsible for elongation of limbs
Occurs during infancy through puberty
Grows in growth plate aka epiphyseal plate 

59
Q

Bone growth widthwise

A

Growth along the short axis of the bone
responsible for increase in width and overall bone density
Occurs during infancy through puberty

60
Q

Location of growth
In the __  (The sheath of connective tissue that covers outside of compact bone) ___ Form new bone matrix on outer surface

A

Periosteum, osteoblasts

61
Q

Location of growth
In the ___ (The connective tissue that lines the medullary cavity) ___ Dissolve bone matrix on inner surface

A

Endosteum, osteoclasts

62
Q

Location of growth
As a result the medullary cavity gradually enlarges as a bone increases in diameter which results in

A

Overall proportional bone growth

63
Q

Bone remodeling

A

Responsible for bone maintenance and homeostasis
occurs in all stages
Bone cells continuously reshape bone matrix depending on patterns of use or disuse

64
Q

What is a balance between mineral deposition in mineral resorption

A

Bone modeling

65
Q

Mineral deposition

A

Osteoblast and osteocytes lay down new bone matrix by pulling Calcium and phosphate from the blood

66
Q

Mineral resorption

A

Osteoclasts and osteocytes dissolve bone and release calcium and phosphate back into the blood

Anatomy (19 decks)

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