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Anatomy > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CNS protected by

A

Bones, cerebrospinal fluid, and meninges

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2
Q

What is Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Composed of water, protein, glucose and electrolytes

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3
Q

Where is CSF located

A

Circulate in subarachnoid spec and ventricles and central canal in spinal cord

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4
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Cluster of blood vessels and ventricles
ependymal cells that produce CSF

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5
Q

What are the functions of CSF

A

Cushion and protect CNS
Transport nutrients and waste products

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6
Q

Meninges

A

Connective tissue surrounding CNS

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7
Q

Dura mater

A

Tough fibers putter most layer
Helps to partition and hold the brain in place inside that skull

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8
Q

In dura mater there is the flax cerebri that is

A

Large, sickle-Shaped Vertical sheets that lies within the longitude fissure between the two hemisphere
Attaches anteriorly to the crista galli of the ethmoid

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9
Q

Dura mater
Falx cerebelli

A

Vertical partition that runs along the vermis of cerebellum

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10
Q

Dura mater
Tentorium

A

Horizontal sheet that lies transverse fissure between the cerebrum and cerebellum

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11
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

Fibrous middle layer

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12
Q

Arachnoid Mater
Subdural space

A

Potential space between the Dura and arachnoid Mater

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13
Q

Potential space

A

Normally empty but can’t fill with fluid or blood due to disease or trauma

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14
Q

Arachnoid Mater
Subarachnoid space

A

Cavity directly underneath arachnoid mater
Between the arachnoid and pia mater
Contains CSF

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15
Q

Pia matter

A

Thin vascular inner most layer
Found directly adhered to surface of brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

Ventricles

A

Net worth of cavities and canals in CNS
help circulate CSF

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17
Q

Lateral ventricles

A

Two cavities in each Cerebral hemisphere

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18
Q

Third ventricle

A

Unpaired cavity in diencephalon 

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19
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

Connects third and fourth ventricle

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20
Q

Fourth ventricles

A

Unpaired cavity located in brainstem
Communicates with the central canal of the spinal cord in the subarachnoid space

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21
Q

What neuroglia makes CSF

A

Ependymal cells

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22
Q

What is the network of blood vessels found in the ventricles that contain the neuroglia that makes CSF

A

choroid plexus

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23
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest part of brain accounts for 80% of total brain mass
divided into two left and right hemispheres which are made of gray and white matter

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24
Q

Gray matter

A

Masses of neural soma located in the cerebral cortex and in deeper clusters called brain nuclei

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25
Q

cerebral Cortex

A

Outer superficial layer of gray matter arrange in gyri and sulci

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26
Q

Gyri

A

Raised ridges

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27
Q

Sulci

A

Grooves

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28
Q

Fissure

A

Especially deep sulcus

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29
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Separates right and left hemisphere

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30
Q

Transverse cerebral Fissure

A

Separate Cerebrum from cerebellum

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31
Q

White matter

A

Bundles of axons and neuroglia
Located in deeper part of cerebrum

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32
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Large central track of white matter
deep to longitudinal tissue
connects right and left hemisphere

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33
Q

Tracts

A

Bundles of white matter who’s axons travel together

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34
Q

Nuclei

A

Cluster of gray matter within white matter

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35
Q

 Cerebral lobes

A

One way to organize the cerebral hemisphere is dividing into lobes
which are paired

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36
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Anterior lobe deep to frontal bone

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37
Q

Central sulcus

A

Separate frontal and parietal lobes

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38
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

Area of frontal lobe anterior to central sulcus

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39
Q

parietal lobe

A

Superolateral lobe deep to parietal bone

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40
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Inferolateral Load deep to temporal bone

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41
Q

Lateral fissure

A

Separate temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobe

42
Q

Cerebral cortices

A

Rind or outer layer

43
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

Postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe
Receives input from general somatic senses ( touch, pressure, vibration)

44
Q

Priprioception

A

Sense of limb or joint position

45
Q

Contra lateral projection

A

Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory input from opposite side of the body

46
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

Superior Edge of temporal lobe
receive sound input

47
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

Occipital lobe
receive visual input

48
Q

Gustatory cortex

A

Interior limbic lobe
Receive taste input

49
Q

Olfactory cortex

A

Medial aspect of temporal lobe
receives smell input

50
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

Precentral gyrus a frontal lobe controls voluntary movement by synapsing to Somaticmotor neuron

51
Q

Broca’s area

A

Frontal lobe of left hemisphere
control motor movement for speech

52
Q

Association areas

A

Asked to integrate multiple sensory input with memories of past experience

53
Q

Anterior Association area

A

Prefrontal cortex
most anterior part of frontal lobe thought and personality

Higher level thinking and predicting consequences of actions

54
Q

Left cerebral hemisphere is responsible for

A

Language processing and analytical Task like math and logic
Detail oriented

55
Q

Wernicke‘s area 

A

Responsible for language comprehension
on the left hemisphere

56
Q

Right cerebral hemisphere is responsible for

A

 analyzing and interpreting visual auditory information
Recognizing faces creating and appreciating music
Big picture hemisphere

57
Q

Diencephalon

A

Enclosed by cerebrum links cerebrum to brain stem

58
Q

Thalamus

A

Pair of egg shape structures that make up most of diencephalon

59
Q

What are the functions of thalamus

A

Acts as a relay center
Relays sensory input from brainstem up to primary somatic sensory cortex
Can amplify or dampen sensory input
Relay motor output from primary motor cortex through brain stem

60
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Inferior to thalamus
acts as a visceral control center of the body

61
Q

What is the hypothalamus In control of

A

Controls autonomic functions like your heart rate
regulates body temperature
regulates hunger and thirst
regulates circadian rhythm controls emotions as part of limbic system regulates hormone production via pituitary gland

62
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Secrete multiple regulatory hormones that coordinate other endocrine glands

63
Q

Epithalamus

A

Most dorsal part of diencephalon
Consists of pineal gland which secretes melatonin

64
Q

Brainstem

A

Inferior to cerebrum anterior to cerebellum
Connect Cerebrum and cerebellum to spinal cord

65
Q

What is the brain stem function

A

Acts as relay center between brain and spinal cord
Serve as origin for most cranial nerve

66
Q

Midbrain

A

Most superior part of brain stem


67
Q

Mid brain
cerebral peduncles

A

Two ventricle pillars that hold up cerebrum
Contain motor axons for cerebrum to medulla oblongata

68
Q

Pons

A

Middle portion of brain stem
bulge separated from cerebellum by fourth ventricle
serves as relay sensors for cerebellum

69
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Most inferior portion of brainstem that directly connects to spinal cord

70
Q

Medulla oblongata
Pyramidal tracts 

A

 Nerve fibers that descend to cerebrum and carry voluntary output to spinal cord

71
Q

Decussation of the pyramids

A

Crossing of nerve fibers
Each Cerebral hemisphere sends motor commands to contralateral side of body

72
Q

Cerebellum

A

Second largest part of brain
Inferior to occipital lobe
coordinates in balance

73
Q

Vermis

A

Narrow band cortex between the two hemisphere of cerebellum

74
Q

White matter in the cerebellum

A

Branches out into a pattern called a bore vitae (tree of life)

75
Q

Cerebellar nuclei 

A

Deeply situated Grey matter
gives rise to axon that relay instruction from cerebellar cortex to other parts of the brain
Important in muscle memory helps to refined and smooth out body movements

76
Q

Limbic system

A

Along the border between cerebrum and diencephalon

77
Q

 Limbic lobe

A

Control emotional response to stimuli linked to prefrontal cortex which explains why there is a close relationship between feeling in thinking

78
Q

Fornix

A

Fiber tracks that connect different parts of limbic system

79
Q

Limbic system
Hypothalamus and thalamus

A

Links of motion of visceral functions in brain stem explains why strong emotions can have visceral response like elevated heart rate

80
Q

Amygdala

A

Processes fear links emotion to memory is useful for making decisions based on past experiences

81
Q

Hippocampus

A

Stores in retrieves long-term memories

82
Q

Reticular activating system

A

Netwerk of neurons that help connect various parts of the body

83
Q

Reticular formation

A

Runs through central core of brainstem and Projects through thalamus and central cerebrum

84
Q

Reticular activating system

A

Part of reticular formation
controls brain consciousness in alertness ascending axons from all major sensory tracts synapse in the pons and medulla, Visual auditory touch stimuli keeps people awake
Descending axons influenced somatic motor neurons, we have decreased muscle tone when sleeping

85
Q

Spinal cord

A

Cylinder of nerves extending to brainstem to upper lumbar region contact information between brain and rest of body

86
Q

At It superior end it connects to the _____ in travels through the ___ Of the occipital bone into the vertebral canal

A

Brain stem/ foramen magnum

87
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Bundles of nerve fibers that arise from the spinal cord at various levels

88
Q

Dorsal root

A

Posterior root that provide sensory input

89
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

Cluster of nuclei

90
Q

Ventral root

A

Anterior root delivers motor output

91
Q

Conus medullaris

A

Inferior end of spinal cord
between L1 and L2

92
Q

Filum terminale

A

Thin filament of connective tissue that extends from conus medullaris
 attaches Conus Medullaris To the coxal and helps hold it in place

93
Q

Caude equina

A

Cluster of spinal nerves that extend inferior to conus medullaris
Spinal cord is shorter than vertebral column partly because of pre-natal event the spinal cord grows more slowly than vertebral column

94
Q

Between what vertebrae can lumbar punctures be safely performed

A

Below L1 and L2

95
Q

 where does the spinal cord have white and gray matter

A

Has white matter on the outside and gray matter on the inside
Green matters around central canal and arranges in H shaped masses called horns

96
Q

Dorsal horn

A

Contain sensory neurons which receive input from neurons whose cell body lies in dorsal root ganglion

97
Q

Ventral root

A

Contain motor neuron that send axon out via ventral root

98
Q

Columns and tracks

A

Nerve fibers that travel up and down spinal cord

99
Q

Dorsal/posterior columns

A

Ascending tracts
relay sensory information up to brain

100
Q

Ventral/ anterior columns

A

Descending tracts
Conduct motor command down to muscles

Anatomy (19 decks)

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