Urinanlysis Flashcards
Urinanalysis
Used to differentiate renal disease
Cystocentesis advantages
Avoid contamination from the lower urogenital tract
Minimize iatrogenic urinary tract infection caused by catheterization
Aid in localization of hematuria, pyuria, and bacteriuria
Therapeutic cystocentesis in blocked cats for early management
What are the disadvantages of Voided Urine?
Contamination
What does yellow-orange urine contain?
bilirubin
What does yellow-green/yellow-brown urine contain?
Bilirubin and biliverdin
What does Red urine contain?
RBCs
Hgb
Mgb
What does Red-brown urine contain?
RBCs
Hb
Mgb
MetHgb
What does brown to black urine contain?
MetHgb
What does cloudiness or turbidity in the urine caused by?
Cells Crystals Bacteria Casts Lipid Droplets
What species has mild turbidity in their urine?
Equine
What causes Hyperglycemia glucosuria?
Diabetes Mellitus Hyperadrenocorticism Drugs (Dextrose, glucocorticoids) Postprandial Acute pancreatitis Extreme Stress Pheochromocytoma Glucagonoma Head Trauma
What causes Normoglycemic glucosuria?
Transient stress
Reversible tubular damage: drugs, hypoxia, infection, toxins
Cats with urethral obstruction
What causes bilirubinuria?
Liver disease Bile duct obstruction Starvation Hemolysis Pyrexia Horses off feed
What are three kinds of “ketone bodies”?
Beta-hydroxybuterate
Acetoacetic acid
Acetone
What causes ketouria?
Negative energy balance
DKA
Insulinoma
What causes hematuria?
Trauma Infection Inflammation infarction calculi neoplasia coagulopathy
What causes an Alkaline pH urine?
Urinary tract infection of urea splitting bacteria
Low protein diet
Respiratory ir metabolic alkalosis
Alkalinizing drugs
What causes an Acidic pH urine?
High protein diet Respiratory or Metabolic Acidoses Hypochloremia metabolic alkalosis Hypokalemia Furosemide
What is a Pre-Renal cause of Proteinuria?
Fever
Hypertension
Seizures
What is a Renal cause of Proteinuria?
Glomerulonephritis
renal tubular injury
What is a Post-Renal cause of Proteinuria?
Hemorrhage
Infection
Sulphosalicylic Acid (SSA) Test
Reacts with Albumin
Reacts with globulins/Bence-Jones proteins
What is the significance of Caudate cells in the urine?
Pyelonephritis
What is the significance of Transitional epithelial cells in urine?
Seen in hyperplasia associated with inflammation
Seen in transitional cell tumors
What is the significance of Renal cells in the urine?
Renal tubular injury: infectious, toxic, and ischemic injury
What is the significance of RBCs in the urine?
Hemorrhage
Inflammation
What is the significance of WBCs in the urine?
Inflammation (infectious and noninfectious)
What is the significance of Lipids in the urine?
Degeneration of sloughed cells
Usually an isolated finding, normal
Pathologic: Renal tubular injury
What are the in vivo factors for Crystalluria?
Concentration and solubility of crystalline material
Urine pH
Diet
Excretion of drugs or diagnostic imaging agents
What are in vitro factors of crystalluria?
Temperature - solubility decreases with decreased temperature
Evaporation - increased the solute concentration
Urine pH - changes with standing urine and bacteria
What are common crystals seen in the urine?
Struvite Bilirubin Calcium Carbonate Amorphous Calcium oxalate dihydrate
What are uncommon crystals seen in the urine?
Calcium oxalate monohydrate
Ammonium biurate
Cysteine
Drug-Associated
What is the significance of Struvite formation in urine?
Found in normal patients
Urease-positive bacteria promote formation
What is the significance of calcium carbonate in the urine?
Normal in horses, rabbits, guinea pigs, and goats
What is the significance of amorphous in the urine?
None
What is the significance of calcium oxalate monhydrate in the urine?
Seen in healthy animals (except horses)
Can be seen in animals with: Oxalate urolithiasis, Hypercalciuric or hyperoxaluric disorders, ethylene glycol
What is the significance of Ammonium biurate in urine?
Normal in dalmations and English Bulldogs
Suggestive of liver disease: Liver failure or Congenital or Acquired shunts
What is the significance of Cystine in the urine?
Inherited disease: Cystinuria
