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RUSVM Clinical Pathology 2016 > Urinanlysis > Flashcards

Urinanlysis Flashcards

1
Q

Urinanalysis

A

Used to differentiate renal disease

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2
Q

Cystocentesis advantages

A

Avoid contamination from the lower urogenital tract
Minimize iatrogenic urinary tract infection caused by catheterization
Aid in localization of hematuria, pyuria, and bacteriuria
Therapeutic cystocentesis in blocked cats for early management

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3
Q

What are the disadvantages of Voided Urine?

A

Contamination

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4
Q

What does yellow-orange urine contain?

A

bilirubin

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5
Q

What does yellow-green/yellow-brown urine contain?

A

Bilirubin and biliverdin

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6
Q

What does Red urine contain?

A

RBCs
Hgb
Mgb

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7
Q

What does Red-brown urine contain?

A

RBCs
Hb
Mgb
MetHgb

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8
Q

What does brown to black urine contain?

A

MetHgb

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9
Q

What does cloudiness or turbidity in the urine caused by?

A 
Cells
Crystals
Bacteria
Casts
Lipid Droplets
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10
Q

What species has mild turbidity in their urine?

A

Equine

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11
Q

What causes Hyperglycemia glucosuria?

A 
Diabetes Mellitus
Hyperadrenocorticism
Drugs (Dextrose, glucocorticoids) 
Postprandial
Acute pancreatitis 
Extreme Stress
Pheochromocytoma
Glucagonoma
Head Trauma
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12
Q

What causes Normoglycemic glucosuria?

A

Transient stress
Reversible tubular damage: drugs, hypoxia, infection, toxins
Cats with urethral obstruction

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13
Q

What causes bilirubinuria?

A 
Liver disease
Bile duct obstruction 
Starvation 
Hemolysis
Pyrexia
Horses off feed
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14
Q

What are three kinds of “ketone bodies”?

A

Beta-hydroxybuterate
Acetoacetic acid
Acetone

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15
Q

What causes ketouria?

A

Negative energy balance
DKA
Insulinoma

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16
Q

What causes hematuria?

A 
Trauma
Infection 
Inflammation 
infarction 
calculi
neoplasia
coagulopathy
17
Q

What causes an Alkaline pH urine?

A

Urinary tract infection of urea splitting bacteria
Low protein diet
Respiratory ir metabolic alkalosis
Alkalinizing drugs

18
Q

What causes an Acidic pH urine?

A 
High protein diet
Respiratory or Metabolic Acidoses
Hypochloremia metabolic alkalosis
Hypokalemia
Furosemide
19
Q

What is a Pre-Renal cause of Proteinuria?

A

Fever
Hypertension
Seizures

20
Q

What is a Renal cause of Proteinuria?

A

Glomerulonephritis

renal tubular injury

21
Q

What is a Post-Renal cause of Proteinuria?

A

Hemorrhage

Infection

22
Q

Sulphosalicylic Acid (SSA) Test

A

Reacts with Albumin

Reacts with globulins/Bence-Jones proteins

23
Q

What is the significance of Caudate cells in the urine?

A

Pyelonephritis

24
Q

What is the significance of Transitional epithelial cells in urine?

A

Seen in hyperplasia associated with inflammation

Seen in transitional cell tumors

25
Q

What is the significance of Renal cells in the urine?

A

Renal tubular injury: infectious, toxic, and ischemic injury

26
Q

What is the significance of RBCs in the urine?

A

Hemorrhage

Inflammation

27
Q

What is the significance of WBCs in the urine?

A

Inflammation (infectious and noninfectious)

28
Q

What is the significance of Lipids in the urine?

A

Degeneration of sloughed cells
Usually an isolated finding, normal
Pathologic: Renal tubular injury

29
Q

What are the in vivo factors for Crystalluria?

A

Concentration and solubility of crystalline material
Urine pH
Diet
Excretion of drugs or diagnostic imaging agents

30
Q

What are in vitro factors of crystalluria?

A

Temperature - solubility decreases with decreased temperature
Evaporation - increased the solute concentration
Urine pH - changes with standing urine and bacteria

31
Q

What are common crystals seen in the urine?

A 
Struvite
Bilirubin 
Calcium Carbonate
Amorphous 
Calcium oxalate dihydrate
32
Q

What are uncommon crystals seen in the urine?

A

Calcium oxalate monohydrate
Ammonium biurate
Cysteine
Drug-Associated

33
Q

What is the significance of Struvite formation in urine?

A

Found in normal patients

Urease-positive bacteria promote formation

34
Q

What is the significance of calcium carbonate in the urine?

A

Normal in horses, rabbits, guinea pigs, and goats

35
Q

What is the significance of amorphous in the urine?

A

None

36
Q

What is the significance of calcium oxalate monhydrate in the urine?

A

Seen in healthy animals (except horses)

Can be seen in animals with: Oxalate urolithiasis, Hypercalciuric or hyperoxaluric disorders, ethylene glycol

37
Q

What is the significance of Ammonium biurate in urine?

A

Normal in dalmations and English Bulldogs

Suggestive of liver disease: Liver failure or Congenital or Acquired shunts

38
Q

What is the significance of Cystine in the urine?

A

Inherited disease: Cystinuria

RUSVM Clinical Pathology 2016 (22 decks)

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