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RUSVM Clinical Pathology 2016 > Renal Function > Flashcards

Renal Function Flashcards

1
Q

Isothenuria

A

1.008 - 1.012

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2
Q

Hyposthenuria

A

Dilute urine

1.000-1.007

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3
Q

Oliguria

A

Markedly decreased urine production

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4
Q

Anuria

A

no urine produced

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5
Q

Pollakiuria

A

Increased frequency of urination

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6
Q

Azotemia

A

increased blood urea nitrogen with/without increased creatinine

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7
Q

Uremia

A

excessive urea in blood with clinical signs of renal failure (vomiting, diarrhea, ammoniacal breath odor)

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8
Q

What is renal function?

A 
Produce hormones (EPO, Renin) 
Activated vitamin D (Ca, Phos, homeostasis)
Regulate blood pressure  (RAAS)
Excretes waste products
Conserves important substrates
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9
Q

What is the first thing to happen with renal insufficiency?

A

Lose the ability to concentrate urine

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10
Q

What happens to the remaining functioning nephrons when there is renal insufficiency?

A

compensate by hypertrophy of function

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11
Q

How is urea measured?

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

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12
Q

What does BUN concentration vary with the rate of?

A

Production by the Liver
Reabsorption by the Kidney and GI tract
Excretion by the kidney

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13
Q

What causes an increased protein in the upper GI tract?

A

High Protein diet
Upper GI bleed
Increased catabolism

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14
Q

What is a species difference for BUN of ruminants and horses?

A

Microflora that allow for GI excretion of BUN

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15
Q

What are the Pre-Renal causes of decreased BUN?

A

Decreased urea production

Intestinal loss of proteins

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16
Q

What are the causes of decreased urea production?

A

Decreased amino acid delivery to liver
decreased protein in diet
Portosystemic shunt
Hepatic insufficiency

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17
Q

What are the Renal causes of decreased BUN?

A

Decreased water resorption in proximal convoluted tubules

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18
Q

The concentration of BUn is dependent on….

A

Dietary protein
Liver function
Glomerular filtrate rate

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19
Q

Creatinine

A

Produced by endogenous muscle catabolism

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20
Q

What is an excellent indicator of GFR?

A

Creatinine

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21
Q

SDMA

A

Symmetric dimethylarginine

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22
Q

SDMA - Where is it released from?

A

Released into circulation by all nucleated cells

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23
Q

From where is SDMA excreted from?

A

The kidneys exclusively

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24
Q

What is the clinical utility of SDMA?

A

Monitoring of Renal disease

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25
Q

SpGr

A

an estimate of urinary concentrating capacity

26
Q

What is SpGr measures with?

A

Refractometer

27
Q

What can effect SpGr?

A

Glucose

Proteins

28
Q

What two parts of the kidney are used to concentrate and/or dilute urine?

A

Thick ascending Loop of Henle

Collecting tubule via ADH

29
Q

What is the range of minimum concentrating of a dog in dehydration?

A

1.013 -1.030

30
Q

What is the range of minimum concentrating of a cat in dehydration?

A

1.013 - 1.034

31
Q

What is the range of minimum concentrating of a horse in dehydration?

A

1.013 - 1.024

32
Q

What is the range of minimum concentrating of cattle in dehydration?

A

1.013 - 1.024

33
Q

Hypersthenuria

A

> 1.040

34
Q

Which of the following are reasons why creatinine is a better indicator of GFR than BUN?

A

BUN is reabsorbed in the kidney
Creatinine is continually and consistently produced by muscle
Creatinine is not reabsorbed by the kidney

35
Q

What causes Polyuria?

A

Inability to concentrate urine

36
Q

What are the renal causes of Polyuria?

A

Renal Failure

Pyelonephritis

37
Q

What are the extra-renal causes of Polyuria?

A

Diuresis
Medullary washout
Endocrine (diabetes, hyperadrenocorticism)
Pyeometra

38
Q

What are the three categories of Azotemia?

A

Pre-renal (Blood, Liver, GI)
Renal
Post-renal (Ureter, Bladder, Urethra)

39
Q

What are the clinical pathology findings for Pre-Renal Azotemia?

A

Increased BUN
+/- Increased CREA
Increased SpGr

40
Q

What are the causes of Pre-Renal Azotemia?

A

Decreased renal blood flow leads to decreased GFR: Dehydration, Shock, Cardiac insufficiency
Increased urea production: Upper GI Bleed, High protein diet, Endogenous protein catabolism, Ruminants: decreased ruminal motility

41
Q

What are the analytes affected by decreased GFR?

A

BUN
CREA
Phosphorus
Magnesium

42
Q

What is the #1 caused of increased Phosphorus and Increased Magnesium

A

Decreased GFR

43
Q

What is commonly found in a dehydrated animal with normal renal function?

A

Decreased Urine volume

Increased Urine Specific Gravity

44
Q

What is the normal range of urine specific gravity in a dehydrated dog?

A

1.030-1.060

45
Q

What is the normal range of urine specific gravity in a dehydrated cat?

A

1.040-1.080

46
Q

What is the normal range of urine specific gravity in a dehydrated horse or cow?

A

1.025-1.045

47
Q

What can cause increased CREA production?

A

Increased muscle mass in greyhounds and heavily muscled animals
In neonatal foals from Dams with dysfunctional placentas that prevent normal clearance of fetal CREA

48
Q

What are the clinical pathology findings in Renal Azotemia?

A

Increased BUN
Increased CREA
Decreased SpGr
Increased Phosphorus

49
Q

What are the infectious causes of renal Azotemia?

A

Pyelonephritis

Leptospirosis

50
Q

What are the toxins that cause Renal Azotemia?

A 
Ethylene glycol 
Drugs
grapes
Asiatic lilies
Melamine pigments (myoglobin, hemoglobin)
51
Q

What are the congenital causes of Renal Azotemia?

A

Hypoplasia

aplasia

52
Q

What are the clinical pathology findings of Post Renal Azotemia?

A

Increased BUN
Increased CREA
variable SpGr

53
Q

What are the causes of Post Renal Azotemia?

A

Obstruction of urinary outflow: Urolithiasis or Uroabdomen

54
Q

What causes Postrenal Proteinuria?

A

Hemorrhage/Inflammation

55
Q

What does Hypercalcemia cause in the kidneys?

A

Impairs urine concentrating ability by affecting ADH receptors
Mineralization of renal tubules by nephronal dysfunction

56
Q

What are the clinical pathology findings of a uroabdomen?

A

Increase Potassium

Decreased sodium

57
Q

What is peritoneal CREA 2x serum = ?

A

Diagnostic for uroperitoneum

58
Q

What are major diagnostic indicators of uroabdomen?

A

Hyperkalemia
Hyponatremia
Peritoneal creatinine greater than 2x higher than serum creatinine

59
Q

What are the findings on a uranalysis for Acute Renal Failure?

A

Oliguria or anuria
Variable SpGr
+/- proteinuria
+/- cellular casts

60
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome

A

Protein-losing nephropathy leading to abdominal transudation

RUSVM Clinical Pathology 2016 (22 decks)

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