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RUSVM Clinical Pathology 2016 > Proteins > Flashcards

Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A 
Nutrition
Enzymes
Buffers
Colloid Oncotic pressure
Coagulation 
Immunity
Transport
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2
Q

Where are most proteins synthesized?

A

Liver

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3
Q

Where else are proteins synthesized?

A

Immune system

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4
Q

What are the two types of proteins?

A

Albumin

Globulins: Alpha, Beta, and Gamma

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5
Q

What is measured in beta globulins?

A

Fibrinogen

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6
Q

What is measured in gamma globulins?

A

Immunoglobulins

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7
Q

Albumin

A

Synthesized by the liver

Catabolized by all tissues

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8
Q

What are the 2 major roles of Albumin?

A

Transport protein

Colloidal osmotic pressure

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9
Q

Where are Alpha 1, Alpha 2 and Beta Globulins synthesized?

A

Synthesized by the liver

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10
Q

What are the functions of Alpha 1, Alpha 2 and Beta Globulins?

A

Inflammation
Coagulation
Transport Proteins

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11
Q

Where are gamma globulins synthesized?

A

In the liver

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12
Q

What is gamma globulins function?

A

Immunity

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13
Q

What is the function of Fibrinogen?

A

Coagulation

Increased during inflammation (positive acute phase protein)

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14
Q

In what species is Fibrinogen used as a marker of inflammation?

A

Horses
Camelids
Ruminants

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15
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid portion of blood that has not clotted

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16
Q

Serum

A

Liquid portion of blood that remains after clotting

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17
Q

How do you measure Total Protein?

A

Refractometer

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18
Q

What interferes with the measurement of total protein?

A 
Lipids
Cholesterol 
Glucose
Urea
Hemolysis
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19
Q

When there is a discrepancy in patient between the total protein measurement on a CBC and a total protein measurement on a chemistry, where is the most likely source of error?

A

CBC

20
Q

If both the serum and plasma are measured on a chemistry panel from the same patient, which would you expect to be higher?

A

Plasma

21
Q

What does the movement of charged particles depend on?

A 
Net charge
Size and Shape of the protein 
Strength of the electrical field 
Type of supporting medium 
Temperature
22
Q

Which protein is the smallest and has the highest negative charge and moves the farthest?

A

Albumin

23
Q

Which protein is the largest and does not migrate far?

A

Gamma globulins

24
Q

What are the two ways that cause Hypoalbuminemia?

A

Decreased Production

Abnormal Loss

25
Q

What causes decreased production of Albumin?

A

Inflammation
Liver failure
Severe malnutrition, maldigestion, or malabsorption

26
Q

What causes abnormal loss of albumin?

A

Blood loss (Hemorrhage, GI Parasites)
Intestinal loss: protein losing enteropathy
Urinary loss: Protein losing nephropathy
Third spacing dilution: effusions and vasculitis
Skin disease, burns

27
Q

Anytime albumin is decrease what do you look for?

A

INFLAMMATION

28
Q

Why does albumin decrease everytime there is inflammation?

A

The liver shifs its resources into producing inflammatory proteins

29
Q

If hypoalbuminemia is caused by hepatic insufficiency then what other changes are seen?

A

Decreased Glucose
Decreased Cholesterol
Decreased Urea
Increased Globulins

30
Q

If hypoalbuminemia is caused by protein losing nephropathy then what other changes are seen?

A

Increased cholesterol

31
Q

What are the clinical signs of Nephrotic Syndrome?

A 
Proteinuria
Hypoalbuminemia
Hypercoagulable
Hypercholesterolemia
Ascites
32
Q

Why might a patient with PLN be hypercoagulable?

A

Renal loss of antithrombin

33
Q

What clinical signs are seen with protein losing enteropathy?

A

Diarrhea
Anorexia
Weight loss despite eating

34
Q

What other chemistry analytes will be seen with protein losing enteropathy?

A

Decreased Globulin
Decreased Cholesterol
Decreased Magnesium

35
Q

What is the cause of Hyperalbunemia?

A

Dehydration

36
Q

What are the causes of Hypoglobulinemia?

A

Decreased production - Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCIDS)
Abnormal loss - hemorrhage or protein losing enteropathy
Failure of passive transfer

37
Q

What causes hyperglobulinemia?

A

Dehydration
Inflammation
Neoplasia: Plasma cell tumors/ multiple myeloma, B cell lymphoma

38
Q

What causes polyclonal gammopathy?

A

Inflammation

39
Q

What causes Monoclonal gammopathy?

A

Neoplasia

40
Q

What is elevated in monoclonal gammopathy?

A

Albumin

Gamma Globulin

41
Q

What is changed in polyclonal gammopathy?

A

Decreased Albumin

Increased Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Globulin

42
Q

What causes Panhypoproteinemia?

A

Blood loss

Protein-losing enteropathy

43
Q

What causes Panhyperproteinemia?

A

Dehydration

44
Q

What does increases in fibrinogen alone mean?

A

Not significant

45
Q

What causes Hypofibrinogenemia?

A

Liver Failure

DIC

46
Q

What causes Hyperfibrinogenemia?

A

Inflammation: due to Inflammatory cytokines and positive acute phase reactant protein
Renal disease

RUSVM Clinical Pathology 2016 (22 decks)

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