Urinalysis & Hematology Flashcards
Why should urine be stored in an opaque container if sterile urine cups are not available?
To prevent degredation of the light-sensitive components such as Bilirubin
Deterioration of components may occur from the natural breakdown of formed elements, and may be influenced by the presence of _______ and a change in _____
bacteria, pH
Ideally, urinalysis should be performed how long after urine collection?
20-30 mins
Define urinary continence
Bladder’s ability to hold and store urine as it fills
Micturition means:
urinating/emptying bladder
Bile pigments will cause urine to appear _____ when shaken, and be yellow/brown/green in colour
Foamy
Brown urine means:
Myoglobin from muscle cell breakdown
Urine that smells of ammonia can indicate:
urease-producing bacteria
A putrid smell to urine can indicate:
bacterial degredation of protein
Fruity/sweet odor of urine can indicate:
ketones, glucose
What does Isosthenuria mean? What is the range?
“Fixed SG” the urine is not dilute nor concentrated. This range is 1.008-1.012
Hyposthenuria is a SG lower than:
1.008
Urine pH is used to assess:
Body’s general acid-base balance
______ diets usually have alkaline pH (7 to 8.5)
Herbivore
______ diets usually have an acidic pH (6-7)
Carnivore
Proteinuria can indicate:
Glomerulonephritis or nephrosis
Proteinuria + Casts may indicate:
Renal disease
Proteinuria in dilute urine indicates ______ protein loss than if it were in concentrated urine (greater or lower)
greater
True or false: Glucosuria can be seen sometimes on healthy animals
False. Glucose should never be detected in the urine as it is absorbed by distal tubules
Hyperglycemia + Glucosuria =
Diabetes Mellitus
Are excessive ketones normal?
No. Excessive ketones are toxic and can cause CNS depression & acidosis
______ is not easily detected, therefore the dipstick pad is not considered reliable
Urobilinogen
Bilirubinuria can indicate:
biliary obstruction, hepatic infection, toxicity and hemolytic anemia
How can you distinguish between Hemoglobinuria and Myoglobinuria?
Spin blood to evaluate plasma/serum. If the urine and plasma/serum are both red, it is likely Hematuria. If the plasma/serum is colourless, it is Myoglobinuria as it does not emit colour in plasma.
Why would blood cells crenate quickly in concentrated urine?
The cells lose fluid and become small and crenated
Why would blood cells disappear quickly in dilute urine?
The cells fill with fluid and swell or lyse, and can be seen as ghost cells or larger than normal
A leukogram that shows neutrophilia, monocytosis, lymphopenia and eosinopenia can indicate:
Stress
Nucleated RBC’s can interfere with ______ numbers
Leukocyte
Why should you always evaluate the feathered edge on a blood smear?
Blood parasites and basophils both hide there
Describe an activated platelet
A normal platelet with filamentous projections
Are platelet clumps found more often in dogs or cats?
Cats
Doehle bodies in neutrophils can indicate:
Mild toxemia
Basophilia in neutrophils can indicate:
toxicity
A platelet-like inclusion within a WBC is indicative of what parasite?
Ehrlichia
What does Canine Distemper look like on a blood smear?
Variations of pink-purple inclusions in rbc’s and wbc’s
Low Total Protein values can indicate:
Protein loss or hemo-dilution
High Total Protein values can indicate:
Dehydration, inflammatory response, neoplasia
In qualitative and semi-quantitative urinalysis, which type of substance is exogenous?
a) Uric acid
b) Phenolsulfonphthalein
c) Amino acid
d) Hormones
B. The dye is exogenous and the rest are endogenous
Urine samples should be analyzed within ____ for maximum valid information
a) 2 mins
b) 30 mins
c) 1 hour
d) 12 hours
B: 30 mins to minimize post-collection deterioration
Normal freshly voided urine of many species is clear. Exceptions include which species?
a) Rabbit
b) Horse
c) Hamster
d) All of the above
D. All of these species can have cloudy urine
It is recommended that urine sample size be standardized. An adequate sample of fresh urine is:
a) 1ml
b) 5ml
c) 10ml
d) 20ml
B: 5 ml is ideal
When assessing a patient’s diet, which urine specimen collection time is likely to be most helpful?
a) 5 and 10 minute intervals postprandial
b) 30 and 60 minute intervals postprandial
c) 1 to 2 hours post-prandial
d) 3 to 6 hours post-prandial
D: a 3-6 hour postprandial sample may be more reflective
Which is the preferred anticoagulant for conducting hematology in a parrot?
a) Heparin
b) EDTA
c) Potassium Chloride
d) Acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD)
A: heparin is preferred for birds and reptiles
To maintain proper anticoagulant to blood ratio, sample tubes should be filled to at least what capacity?
a) 90%
b) 75%
c) 60%
d) 50%
A
Blood samples collected immediately post-prandial may be:
a) Icteric
b) High in TP
c) Lipemic
d) Low in RBCs
C: Lipemic/fatty
Which urine collection method is optimal for bacterial culture?
a) Manual expression
b) Cysto
c) Midstream
d) Litter pan pour-off
B: Cysto avoids contamination from the urinary tract
Pollakiuria means:
a) complete absence of urine formation
b) increased urine excretion
c) frequent urination
d) decreased urine excretion
C: Small, frequent amounts of urine
A smudge cell is a:
a) Fragmented erythrocyte
b) Small, dark erythrocyte
c) Nucleated cell that ruptured as a result of damage to cell during smear creation
d) Tissue cell with granules
C: Basket/smudge cell is a damaged leukocyte with a basket weave pattern
MCHC is calculated by multiplying:
a) Dividend of PCV/RBCs by 1000
b) Hb by 10 and dividing by product of total RBC count
c) Hb concentration x 100 and divide by PCV
d) PCV x 10 and divide product by total RBC count
C: MCHC is found by multiplying Hemoglobin concentration by 100 and dividing the product by the PCV
MCV is calculated by:
a) Multiply Hb x 10 and divide by total RBC
b) Dividing PCV by RBC count and x 1000
c) Multiply PCV x 10 and divide by RBC count
d) Multiply Hb x 100 and divide by PCV
C: Multiply PCV by 10 and divide by total rbc count
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin is:
a) Mean weight of rbc compared to Hb within cell
b) Mean weight of Hb contained within average RBC
c) Recorded as fentoliters
d) Recorded as g/dL
B
Which is true of reticulocytes?
a) They are mature erythrocytes that still contain ribosomes
b) Wright’s stain causes a polychromatophilic stain
c) In cats, only the aggregate form should be counted as reticulocytes
d) A and C
C. Reticulocytes are immature erythrocytes
Basophilic stippling is the presence of small, blue granules within:
a) rbc
b) wbc
c) platelet
d) basophils
A. Often means lead poisoning.
Which of the following is likely the most representative method of analyzing urine solute osmolar concentration?
a) Urine pH
b) Cystocentesis
c) Osmometry
d) Specific Gravity
C
NRBC’s are normal in which species?
a) ruminant/equine
b) avian/reptile
c) equine/reptile
d) equine/avian
B: birds and reptiles. Makes WBC counts difficult.
An increased wbc count is indicative of:
a) anisocytosis
b) agglutination
c) leukocytosis
d) leukopenia
C
Which of the following described elevated platelet count caused by bone marrow dysfunction or pathology?
a) Thrombocythemia
b) Thrombocytosis
c) Reactive thrombocytosis
d) Physiological thrombocytosis
A: Bone marrow disorder specifically causing chronic and extremely elevated thrombocyte count
