Small Animal Nursing Flashcards
Normal fluid loss occurs in 3 ways:
Excretion, respiration, sweating/milk
Abnormal fluid loss can occur in 4 ways
Vomiting, diarrhea, panting, polyuria
Normal urine production is _______/kg/hour
1-2ml
Semi-dry mucus membranes and a mild loss of skin tugor means the animal is ___% dehydrated
5
Moderate loss in skin tugor, dry mucus membranes, weak or rapid pulse, sunken eyes mean the animal is ___% dehydrated
8
What symptoms accompany severe/10% dehydration?
Tachycardia, tacky mucus membranes, weak pulse, hypotension, altered state of consciousness, severe sunken eyes
What is the most commonly used type of fluid for replenishing interstitial deficits?
Isotonic crystalloid (LRS, Plasmalyte, Normosol-R)
Give an eample of a hypotonic crystalloid fluid solution
5% Dextrose in water
Give an example of a hypertonic crystalloid fluid solution
7% Hypertonic Saline
A Colloid fluid is a solution containing ___ or ___ molecules. What is its purpose?
protein or starch. to remain in the intravascular space and expand its volume
Name 3 situations when you would use a Colloid fluid solution
When crystalloids are not effectively improving blood volume; large patients, emergency surgery, large fluid loss
Give an eample of a synthetic colloid fluid solution
Hetastarch
Give an example of a natural colloid fluid solution
Plasma or albumin solution
For hypovolemic, shock, or severely dehydrated patients _____ fluids should be administered at ______ml/kg IV for cats and _____ml/kg IV for dogs
Isotonic crystalloids. 50ml/kg for cats and 80ml/kg dogs
When an animal is in shock, calculate the shock dose and give them ___% bolus
25%
How do you calculate the replacement fluid amount needed for a dehydrated animal?
%dehydration x bodyweight (kg) x 10
How do you calculate the daily fluid requirement for an animal with dehydration?
replacement + maintenance + ongoing losses
Maintenance fluids for cats and dogs are:
Cats: 2-3ml/kg/hour
Dogs: 2-6ml/kg/hour
Why would we not use LRS as maintenance fluids?
Maintenance fluids are indicated for patients not eating/drinking and LRS contins more sodium and less potassium than the patient requires
What are 4 existing conditions that would contraindicate the use of fluid therapy?
Pulmonary contusions, pulmonary edema, brain injury or congestive heart failure
What are some clinical signs of fluid overload?
hyperventilation, weight gain, increased lung sounds with cracks and wheezes, edema of conjunctiva, pitting edema
When it comes to canine blood types, what does DEA Stand for?
Dog erythrocyte antigen
There are 6 canine blood types:
DEA 1.1 DEA 1.2 DEA 3 DEA 4 DEA 5 DEA 7
What is the most common canine blood type? What does this mean?
DEA 4. Universal donor/recipient.
To donate blood, a dog must weigh _____ and be between 1 and 7 years old
55lb (25kg)
How long post-vaccination can dogs donate blood?
11-12 days
A maximum of ____ml can be collected from a dog once every 4-5 weeks
450 ml
What are the 3 feline blood types?
A
B
AB
The most common feline blood type is:
A
Most purebred felines have the blood type:
B
Why is there no feline universal blood type donor?
Cats have naturally occuring alloantibodies against any blood-type they dont have
Cats with type A blood can receive A blood, and cats with type B blood can receive B blood. What blood type can cats with AB blood type receive?
Either A or B type
Cats must weigh ______ to donate blood and be less than 8 years of age
10lb (4.5kg)
A feline donor may provide ______ml of blood every 4-5 weeks
70ml
Initial administration of blood products should be slow, _____ml/kg for the first 20 minutes to gauge reaction
0.25
If there is no signs of reaction, the blood administration can continue at the rate of ___ml/kg/hour
5-10
A key indicator of delayed blood transfusion reaction is a drop in _____, 2-21 days post-transfusion
PCV
What are the 4 phases of wound healing
Inflammatory, debridement, repair, maturation
Describe the inflammatory phase of wound healing
Occurs immediately after injury. Vasoconstriction to control hemorrhage and produce a clot. Scab formation begins.
Describe the debridement phase of wound healing
Begins about 6 hours after injury. Neutrophils and monocytes travel to the site to remove foreign material, bacteria and necrotic tissue. Exudate is formed from fluid and WBCs
Describe the repair phase of wound healing.
Begins 3-5 days post-injury. Fibroblasts produce collagen that will eventually become scar tissue and strenghten wound. Granulation tissue starts to appear after new capillaries, fibroblasts and fibrous tissue are made.
Wound contraction (shrinking of the size of the wound) occurs how long post-injury?
5-9 days
Describe the maturation phase of wound healing
Wound strength increases to maximum level
Small lacerations that heal via noncomplicated healing are categorized as _____ healing
Primary or First-intention
______ is recommended for cleaning the outer edges of a wound
Chlorhexidine
What is a thymoma?
a) Benign tumor on hypothalmus
b) Malignant tumor near thyroid cartilage
c) Malignant tumor of thymus
d) Benign tumor of tongue
B
5 stages of grief:
- Denial
- Bargaining
- Anger
- Depression
- Acceptance
SQ fluids are contraindicated when:
a) Evidence of mild dehydration is present
b) Patient needs Dextrose
c) Patient is very small
d) There is evidence of chronic heart failure
B: Dextrose cannot be given SQ
Hypotonic crystallid is used to:
a) Decrease edema
b) add protein to blood
c) decrease interstitial volume
d) increase intravascular volume
D
The amount of Normosol-R replacement fluid for a 35.6kg dog who is 8% dehydrated would be calculated as:
a) 2920ml
b) 292 ml
c) 1825 ml
d) 365ml
A
Gonioscopy is:
a) Using an ophthalmascope and magnification lens to examine the iris angle and anterior chamber
b) examination for KCS and neoplasm
c) A term used to describe examination of the trachea
d) Insertion of a tube through the nasal passage entering the esophagus
A
The etiology of Ringworm is:
a) Staph, Strep or Pasturella
b) Otodectes
c) Microsporum, Trichophyton
d) Malessezia
C
