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VTNE PREPARATION > Clinical Chemistry > Flashcards

Clinical Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

AST, ALT, Bilirubin, Bile Acids and Serum albumin are all ______ function tests

A

Liver

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2
Q

CREA, BUN, Specific Gravity of urine are all _______ function tests

A

Kidney

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3
Q

Glucose, urine glucose and glucose tolerance tests are used to test _____ function

A

Endocrine Pancreatic Function

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4
Q

Amylase, Lipase, TLI and cPLI/tPLI are tests for ______ function

A

Exocrine Pancreatic Function

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5
Q

What is the difference between Serum and Plasma?

A

Serum is the same fluid portion of the blood but with fibrinogen protein removed

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6
Q

What 3 things can cause Lipemic (cloudy) serum?

A

Diet, Metabolic disease, or inadequate fasting

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7
Q

Sodium, Potassium, Lithium and Ammonium Heparin is used as a(an) ________

A

Anticoagulant

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8
Q

Why can’t you use Lavender Top Tubes (EDTA) when running plasma assays?

A

EDTA is a calcium chelator and can interfere with many electrolyte, calcium and protein results

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9
Q

_____% of Glomeruli of both kidneys must be nonfunctional before evaluation in chemistry values occur

A

> 75

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10
Q

When there is a lack of functional glomeruli or increased muscle activity, Serum CREA levels will be ______ (increased or decreased)

A

increased

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11
Q

______ increases when urine production decreases and decreases when urine production increased

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

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12
Q

What is the most common endocrine disorder of the pancreas?

A

Diabetes mellitus

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13
Q

Diabetes mellitus means what 2 chemistry changes occur?

A

Glycosuria and hyperglycemia

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14
Q

What are 3 things that can cause a false reading of Glycosuria?

A

Morphine, Penicillin, Tetracycline, IV fluids with glucose and general anesthetics

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15
Q

Besides diabetes, what other disorder can cause elevated Serum/Plasma Glucose?

A

Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s)

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16
Q

What are 2 reasons Hypoglycemia may occur?

A

Severe liver disease or malabsorption of nutrients in duodenum

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17
Q

Acute, Chronic & Obstructive pancreatitis as well as Hyperadrenoccorticism can cause elevation in what Serum/Plasma chemistry?

A

Amylase

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18
Q

_____ is more sensitive for detecting pancreatitis than Amylase

A

Lipase

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19
Q

What is TLI?

A

Trypsin-Like Immunoreactivity, a less sensitive test for pancreatitis (only detects 30-60%)

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20
Q

What is PLI?

A

Pancreatic Lipase Immunoreactivity, a highly sensitive and specific test for pancreatitis

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21
Q

An animal in end-stage liver failure may not show any enzyme activity on liver panel. Why is this?

A

There is so much loss of functional tissue there is no over-production of the enzymes

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22
Q

Some bilirubin may be absorbed directly from the liver to the blood to be excreted by kidney. The remainder, in conjugated form, is secreted into the intestines as a component of _______

A

Bile

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23
Q

Increased unconjugated bilirubin in the blood indicate what 3 possible causes:

A
  1. Pre-hepatic RBC destruction (IMHA)
  2. Inability of liver cells to take up unconjugated bilirubin
  3. Inability to conjugate the bilirubin within liver cells
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24
Q

If hyperbilirubinemia is accompanied by low Hct or PCV, what is the likely cause?

A

Anemia

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25
Q

In horses, _____ can cause an increase in bilirubin levels

A

Fasting

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26
Q

In humans and dogs, the amount of urine ______ will increase in hepatocellular disease and decrease with obstructive problems

A

Urobilinogen

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27
Q

Serum protein indicates the ____ status of a patient

A

Hydration

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28
Q

A dehydrated animal will have _____ serum protein (increased or decreased)

A

increased

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29
Q

As a general rule, when changes occur the ____ level decreases, whereas globulin increases to maintain a constant TS and TP

A

Albumin

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30
Q

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) is considered a useful and specific test for liver function as it is found in large amounts in the ______

A

hepatocytes

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31
Q

Serum ALT increases if hepatocytes are damaged. If the increase is due to an isolated incident (such as trauma), what happens to the ALT levels? What happens to the ALT level if it is a chronic cause?

A

Acute - ALT levels will increase and then decrease over time

Chronic - ALT levels will remain increased

32
Q

True or false: AST is a liver specific enzyme

A

False. It is found in cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle and the liver

33
Q

AST should always be run alongside with _____, except:

A

ALT. Except in species where ALT is not a good indicator (horses and ruminants)

34
Q

Increased ALT with normal AST indicates:

A

reversible liver damage

35
Q

Increase in both ALT and AST indicates:

A

Hepatocellular necrosis

36
Q

Increase AST with normal ALT indicates:

A

Source of increased AST is not the liver

37
Q

What is ALP/AP? Where is it mostly found?

A

Alkaline Phosphatase, in the liver and bone

38
Q

Increased ALP is common in young animals. Why?

A

Increased rate of bone growth

39
Q

Increased ALP in adult animals means one of 2 things:

A
  1. Bone injury

2. Obstructive liver disease

40
Q

Bile Acids are formed in the liver, secreted into bile, and stored in the ______

A

gallbladder

41
Q

Increased serum bile acid levels are noted in _____ forms of liver disease because the liver cannot collect the acid from the blood

42
Q

Why does Sodium play a major role in the distribution of water and maintenance of osmotic pressure of fluids in the body?

A

Because Sodium always takes water with it and it is the most abundant extracellular cation

43
Q

Hypernatremia may be caused by:

A

Dehydration

44
Q

Hyponatremia can be caused by several conditions. Name 2 (there is 7)

A
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • renal failure
  • use of diuretics
  • excessive ADH
  • congestive heart failure
    overhydration
45
Q

______ is the primary intracellular cation involved in normal muscle function, respiration, cardiac function, nerve impulse transmission and carb metabolism

46
Q

Hyperkalemia can be a result of:

A

Hypoadrenocorticism, acidosis or late-stage renal failure

47
Q

_______ is the most abundant extracellular anion playing an important part in water and electrolyte balance and osmotic pressure. It’s concentration is regulated by the kidneys.

48
Q

There is a close relationship between _____ and chloride levels

49
Q

Hyperchloremia is due to _____

50
Q

Hypochloremia can be caused by:

A

Vomiting, anorexia, malnutrition, diabetes insipidus

51
Q

More than 99% of the body;’s ______ is in the bone

52
Q

Calcium and _____ levels have an inverse relationship meaning when one increases, the other decreases.

A

Phosphorous

53
Q

Calcium levels vary with _____ levels because calcium is protein bound

54
Q

Hypercalcemia is usually due to ______

A

hyperparathyroidism

55
Q

Hypocalcemia can be seen with:

A

Eclampsia, pancreatic necrosis, GI obstruction in ruminants and hypoparathyroidism

56
Q

More than 80% of the body;s ______ is in the bone

A

Phosphorous

57
Q

______ can be seen with renal failure, anuria, excessive vitamin D intake, ethylene glycol poisoning and hypoparathyroidism

A

hyperphosphatemia

58
Q

What is Tetraiodothyronine?

A

Chemical name for the thyroid hormone, Thyroxine

59
Q

Increase in Thyroxine in the blood can be caused by _____ or _____

A

insulin, estrogen

60
Q

Certain drugs can cause low levels of Thyroxine. Such as:

A

Anticonvulsants, penicillins, diazepam, glucorticoids

61
Q

What is Free Thyroid Hormone? (fT4) When would we use it?

A

Portion of Thyroxine that is not bound to protein. Used to diagnose hyperthyroidism in cats

62
Q

If cTSH is increase and fT4 is decreased, this means:

A

Diagnostic of hypothyroidism

63
Q

What is an ELISA test? What is it used for?

A

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Used to detect specific antigens or antibodies such as a virus, bacteria or parasite

64
Q

What is the anticoagulant of choice for venous samples to be used in measuring Bicarbonate?

a) EDTA
b) Sodium fluoride
c) Sodium citrate
d) Lithium heparin

65
Q

Serum CREA levels can be influenced by:

a) amount of protein in diet
b) lipemia
c) hemolysis
d) glomerular filtration

66
Q

Which of the following is a non-renal cause for an increase in BUN?

a) bleeding into GI tract
b) excessive muscle activity
c) cushing’s
d) inadequate fasting

67
Q

Serum samples collected for measurement of blood glucose levels:

a) should be ideally collected right after an animal has eaten
b) should be collected using EDTA
c) should be separated from the cells ASAP to prevent artificial decreases in values
d) are preferred over plasma samples

68
Q

Which of the following is considered to be the best test for evaluationg exocrine pancreatic function in dogs?

a) serum lipase
b) TLI
c) PLI
d) bile acids

69
Q

Amylase breaks down:

a) fatty acids
b) glycerol
c) amino acids
d) complex carbs

70
Q

Indirect bilirubin is:

a) lipid soluble and bound to proteins
b) not water soluble
c) a calculated value rather than a direct measurement
d) all of the above

71
Q

Calculation of Albumin:Globulin ratio is

a) accompanied by dividing serum albumin by globulin
b) normally 1.0 in dogs/cats
c) evaluated individually, not as part of a profile
d) all of the above

72
Q

Globulin factors are sparated by:

a) clotting
b) electrophoresis
c) subtraction
d) refractometer

73
Q

Which liver enzyme test is considered a specific test for liver disease in dogs, cats and primates only?

a) AST
b) ALT
c) ALP
d) CPK

74
Q

Which of the following is NOT true about liver enzyme tests

a) most can be determined at room temp
b) nonhemolyzed, nonlipemic samples preferred
c) samples should be separated ASAP bc some chemicals will be altered if serum/plasma remains with cells
d) Specific instructions for each test must be followed

75
Q

The intracellular electrolytes are:

a) K, Ca, Mg
b) PHO, Mg, K
c) Na, Ca, Cl
d) CHO3, PHO, Cl

76
Q

These two electrolytes help control water balance in the extracellular space

a) Calcium/Phosphorous
b) Sodium/Chloride
c) Magnesium/Potassium
d) Calcium/Chloride

VTNE PREPARATION (20 decks)

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