Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
What are 5 functions of bones?
Support, movement, protection, storage and blood cell formation
What are 5 types of bones? Give an example of each
Flat (scapula) Short (phalanges) Irregular (vertebrae) Long (femur) Other (patella)
What is meant by the term Appendicular bones?
Bones of the limbs
In which part of the bone does red blood cell production occur?
Red bone marrow
What happens in the yellow bone marrow?
fat storage
Which part of the bone holds the yellow marrow?
Medullary cavity
Describe the 3 general skull types and an example of each
Mesocephalic - equal maxillary/mandibular ratio such as a Labrador.
Dolicocephalic - mandible is shorter than maxilla such as a greyhound
Brachycephalic - maxilla is shorter than mandible such as a pug
What is the proper term for the cheek bone of the skull?
Zygomatic bones
Which bone of the skull attaches the skull to the spine via the Atlas?
Occipital bone
Canine, feline, equine and bovine species all have ___ cervical vertebrae
7
Canine, feline and bovine species all have 13 thoracic vertebrae. How many do equines have?
18
What is meant by a floating rib?
Ribs 9-13 that attach to each other rather than to the sternum like ribs 1-8
What is another name for the Metacarpal bones of a horse?
cannon bone
What is another name for the proximal phalanx of a horse?
long pastern bone
What is the coffin bone on a horse?
Distal phalanx (hoof)
What are 3 types of joints? Describe and give examples.
Fibrous - does not move such as the mandibular symphphysis
Cartilaginous - slight movement such as vertebral discs
Synovial - easily moveable such as elbow
Describe the difference between ligaments and tendons
Ligament - joint bone to bone
Tendon - joint bone to muscle
What are 3 types of muscle cells?
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
True or false: skeletal muscle cells do not require conscious effort.
False, they are voluntary
What is unique about cardiac muscle cells?
They NEVER fatigue
True or false: Smooth muscle cells are non-striated and involuntary
True
Smooth muscle cells can be further broken down into what 2 subcategories?
Multi-unit and visceral
Which type of muscle cells are spindle shaped?
Smooth cells
What are 4 main categories of muscles?
Connective tissue, fascia, ligaments/tendons, linea alba
What does it mean to say that muscles work in opposition?
The origin muscle does not move - the insertion point does. The agonist contracts while the antagonist relaxes.
How long does sedation via IM injection take to work?
20 minutes
What muscle locations would we use on a horse for injecting?
Gluteus or cervical/neck region. Can also use hamstring or pectoral muscles.
What muscle locations do we use on dogs for injections?
SMST and Lumbar
Name and describe the layers of the heart from outside to inside
Pericardium (outside layer)
Parietal (directly under pericardium)
Visceral layer (closest to heart)
Myocardium (thickest layer of heart tissue)
Endocardium (between Myocardium and heart chambers)
What is the name of the tendons that open/close the valves of the heart?
chordae tendinae
What do the papillary muscles of the heart do?
Tug on the chordae tendinae to open/close heart valves
When you hear a diastole heart movement, what is happening? What about systole?
DIastole is the relaxing of the ventricles which means the heart is empty. Systole is the contraction of ventricles, meaning the heart is full of blood.
Veins carry _________ blood from the body to the heart which then empties into the right atrium.
Deoxygenated
Blood passes from the right atrium to the ______ valve and then into the pulmonary arteries
Atrioventricular valve (or tricuspid)
From the pulmonary arteries, blood passes through the vessels to the ______ to become oxygenated
lungs
Oxygenated blood flows through the pulmonary vein and into the _________
left atrium
Blood flows from the left atrium through the _______________ valve and into the left ventricle, from there is enters the coronary arteries and aorta through the aortic valve and then to the body.
Atrioventricular valve (or mitral valve)
Veins carry blood ______ the heart (to or away from)
to
Arteries do not contain _____ but veins do
valves
True or false: You can palpate the pulse of a patient via the veins.
False. Only present in arteries
What is the main job of the respiratory system?
Oxygen in, carbon dioxide out
What are 4 other functions of the respiratory system besides oxygen in and carbon dioxide out?
Voice production, sense of smell, regulate body temperature, regulate pH balance
The upper respiratory tract consists of what 5 components?
Nostrils, nasal passages, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice), trachea
The trachea bifurcates to become the ______
bronchi of the lungs
What is the trachea composed of?
Hyaline cartilaginous rings
The lower respiratory tract consists of what 4 components?
Bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts & alveoli
What are the 4 broad types of sensory stimuli?
- Mechanical (touch, balance)
- Thermal (hot, cold)
- Electromagnetic (vision)
- Chemical (taste, smell)
Hunger, thirst and bladder fullness are all examples of _____ senses
Visceral
What 4 steps make up the Pain Process?
- Transduction - stimulus to nerve impulse
- Transmission - travelling of nerve to spinal cord
- Modulation - changes the sensory nerve impulse
- Perception - conscious awareness of pain
What 5 structures make up the middle ear?
Ossicles, Eustachian, Malleus, Incus, Stapes
Which kidney is more caudal?
left
The indented part of the external kidney is called the ______
Hilus
_____ are the functional unit of the kidney
nephrons
The _____ enters the kidney through the Hilus, and then divides into smaller arteries and arterioles
renal artery
Secretion occurs in which part of the kidney?
Distal convoluted tubules
What urinary issue are male dogs most prone to? Why?
Stones causing blockage, long and narrow urethra.
What urinary issues are female dogs most prone to? Why?
Bladder infection due to short and straight urethra
What are 3 types of digestion?
Monogastric, Ruminant, Hind gut fermenters
When a food bolus is liquified in the stomach and enters the duodenum, it is refered to as:
Chyme
What does the gallbladder do?
Secretes bile
What does the pancreas do?
Secretes bicarbonate into duodenum so it doesnt get burned by HCl from stomach
The “large intestine” is made up of what 3 structures?
Cecum, Colon, Rectum
In the hind gut fermenter, digestion occurs where?
Cecum
In Ruminants, which compartment is the “true stomach”?
Abomasum
What are the “fore-stomachs” of ruminants?
Reticulum, Rumen and Omasum
_____ is the band of connective tissue that attaches the testes to the scrotum
Gubernaculum
Where do spermatozoa mature?
Epididymis
What is the function of the Vas Deferens?
Propel sperm quickly from epididymis to urethra at the time of ejaculation
What is the broad ligament?
Sheets of peritoneum that suspend the ovaries, oviducts and uterus
DUring a spay surgery, the suspensory ligament is refered to as the:
pedicle
______ is the site of oogenesis and also production of estrogen and progestin
Ovaries
What does it mean if a cell is Prokaryotic? Give an example of a cell that falls under this category
Prokaryotic cells lack a true membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. All bacteria are prokaryotes
Where in the cell is DNA held?
Mitochondria
Which of the following would be found in abundance in a skeletal muscle cell?
a) golgi complex
b) mitochondria
c) lysosomes
d) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B- only mitochondria are specifically identified as being present in large numbers in cells that use large amounts of energy
Which of the following uses active transport?
a) Diffusion
b) Osmosis
c) Sodium-potassium pump
d) Facilitated diffusion
C: Active transport is the movement of molecules from a low concentration to a high one with the aid of carrier proteins, such as the sodium potassium pump
Which of the following contains Hyaline cartilage?
a) Articular cartilage in a long bone
b) Pinna of the ear
c) Ligaments
d) Pubic symphysis
A: Articular cartilage is hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of the bones
The stomach is ______ to the heart
a) Distal
b) Rostral
c) Cranial
d) Caudal
D: The stomach is closer to the caudal end than the heart
Which of the following houses osteocytes in compact bone?
a) Lacunae
b) Haversian canal
c) Lamellae
d) Canaliculi
A: Lacunae are small spaces in compact bone that house osteocytes
These striated cells are joined by intercalated disks and have a single, centrally located nucleus
a) Flat bone
b) Smooth muscle
c) Cardiac muscle
d) Neurons
C: Cardiac muscles, which aid in the conduction of the nervous impulse to coordinate contraction
Schwann cells:
a) Form myelin in the central nervous system
b) Are part of the immune system
c) Are supportive and protective only
d) Also known as nodes of Ranvier
C: Schwann cells are supportive and protective, wrapping around axons to form protective myelin in peripheral nerves, NOT in the CNS
Which vessel contains oxygenated blood?
a) Which vessel contains oxygenated blood?
a) vena cava
b) jugular vein
c) pulmonary vein
d) pulmonary artery
C: Only the pulmonary vein returns blood from the lungs to the heart for distribution to the circulatory system, so its the only vessel in the body that carries oygenated blood
During contraction, the electrical impulse in the heart travels through several structures. Which of the following is the correct order of transmission?
a) Purkinje fibers, bundle of His, SA node, AV node
b) AV node, SA node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers
c) SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibers, bundle of His
d) SA node, AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers
D: During ventricular systole, the electrical impulse that coordinates the heartbeat moves in this order
Which part of the ECG is represented by the P wave?
a) Atrial systole
b) Ventricular systole
c) Atrial diastole
d) Ventricular diastole
A: P wave represents arterial systole
Food travels through the stomach of the ruminant in what order?
a) Reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum
b) Rumen, reticulum, abomasum, omasum
c) Rumen, omasum, reticulum, abomasum
d) Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum
D: The rumen is most cranial compartment and is where food is mixed and churned, followed by the reticulum for churning, the omasum grinds and absorbs water and bicarbonate and the abomasum (true stomach) initiates chemical digestion
In the digestive system, which ells produce the necessary Hydrochloric acid?
a) Parietal
b) Chief
c) Schwann
d) Melanocytes
A: Hydrochloric acid is a digestive enzyme. Only parietal and chief cells are in the digestive system, but chief cells do not produce hydrochloric acid, they produce pepsinogen
During inhalation, the diaphragm moves:
a) Ventrally
b) Dorsally
c) Caudally
d) Cranially
C: The chest moves ventrally but the diaphragm moves caudally
The outer cortex of the kidney contains all of the following, except:
a) Bowman’s capsule
b) Loop of Henle
c) Proximal convoluted tubules
d) Distal convoluted tubules
B: Loop of Henle is found in the medulla, not the renal cortex.
Which of the following hormones is responsible for stimulating the sympathetic nervous sytem?
a) Epinephrine
b) Calcitonin
c) Thyroxin
d) Prolactin
A: Epi stimulates “fight or flight” reaction in the sympathetic nervous system
The coloured part of the eye is the:
a) Pupil
b) Lens
c) Iris
d) Cornea
C: The iris is the coloured, contractile membrane between the lens and the cornea
The auditory ossicles are located:
a) In the cochlea
b) In the outer ear
c) In the middle ear
d) In the inner ear
C: The three auditory ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes) are housed in the middle ear
ADH (Vasopressin) causes water reabsorption and is released by which gland?
a) Pituitary
b) Adrenal medulla
c) Adrenal cortex
d) Spleen
A: Vasopressin is produced in the pituitary gland
Which of the following has a prostate but no bulbourethral gland?
a) Cat
b) Cow
c) Dog
d) Horse
C: Dogs have a prostate only
Which of the following layers of skin contains “water proofing” cells?
a) Stratum corneum
b) Stratum germinativum
c) Stratum granulosum
d) Corium
C: Stratum granolusum in the epidermis consists of 2-4 layers of flattened keratocytes that help waterproof the skin
