Pharmacology Flashcards
“The relationship between a drug’s ability to achieve the desired effect compared with its tendency to produce toxic effects” is the defintiion for what term?
Therapeutic index
What is LD50? ED50?
Lethal Dose in 50% of animals in a trial. Effective dose in 50% of animals in a trial
Antibiotics work via one of 5 mechanisms:
- Disruption of development of cell wall (penicilin)
- Damaging cell membrane (Polymyxins)
- Interference with protein synthesis (Tetracyclines)
- Inhibition of nucleic acid production (Enrofloxacin)
- Disruption of microbial metabolic activity (Sulfa drugs)
Gentamicin and Tobramycin are examples of what category of antimicrobials?
Aminoglycosides
Cefazolin is a ____ generation Cephalosporin
first
Enrofloxacin should be avoided in animals with compromised ____ systems
renal
Why is Chloramphenicol banned by the FDA to give to food animals?
It can cause aplastic anemia in humans
Metronidazole is a ________ drug and may be neurotoxic at higher doses
antiprotozoal
What 2 things can happen if Acetaminophen is given to cats?
Liver damage and methemoglobinemia
Carprofen has been known to cause adverse reactions in the dog breed _______
labs
Why are Deramaxx, Previcox and Meloxicam such good choices as NSAIDs?
They are COX-1 (Good COX) sparing
Torbugesic is a trade name for which drug?
Butorphanol
Most NSAIDs work by blocking _____ production from within the inflammatory process
Prostaglandin
Why can cats not have many NSAIDs?
They lack the ability to metabolzie them
What is the number one adverse effect associated with Dexmedetomidine (Dedomitor)?
Bradycardia
Which drug is often used to stop status epilepticus?
Pentobarbital
Metoclopramide stimulates the _____ system
GI
What is a large disadvantage of Digoxin? (inotropic cardiovascular drug)
Toxic and therpeutic doses may overlap
Epinephrine is a ______ drug and is used as an emergency drug during cardiac arrest
adrenergic
Atropine is in the category ________ of cardio drugs and is used for cardiac support in emergencies
anticholinergic
An anticholinergic that is not suitable for emergency use is:
Glycopyrrolate
Atenolol, Propranolol, Metoprolol are all types of ________ cardio drugs
Beta Blockers
What is an ACE inhibitor? Give an example
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor. Benazapril
Nitroglycerin and Hydralazine are both examples of ______ cardiac drugs and should be used in caution with patients with renal disease
vasodilators
______ is a local anesthetic that is also used as an antiarrhythmic
lidocaine
Lasix is the trade name for what Diuretic cardiac drug?
Furosemide
In a patient with Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC), ______ can be given SQ as an anticoagulant
Heparin
Diuretics work by:
Creating an osmotic force in the renal tubules, thus drawing in water and increasing urine output. This decreases cardiac workload
How to Positive Inotropes and Catecholamines work?
By increasing the strength of the contraction of the heart.
How do vasodilators improve cardiac function?
By expanding the diameter of the blood vessels, the blood can flow easier which reduces the workload of the heart
Name 2 opioids that are also used as antitussives (to suppress cough)
Butorphanol and hydrocodone
Albuterol is sold under the common trade name ______ and is a bronchodilator
Ventolin
Benadryl is the trade name for what antihistamine?
Diphenhydramine
Mucomyst is a trade name for Acetylcysteine and is considered a _______ category of respiratory drug. How is it commonly administered?
Mucolytic. Nebulization
The drug of choice for respiratory stimulation of neonates is:
Doxapram
When inflammation of the airway is severe, ________ drugs are administered
corticosteroid
Apomorphine induces vomiting, how?
By stimulating the vomiting center in the central nervous system
Syrup of ipecac and hydrogen peroxide are different types of emetics, how do they work?
They irritate the GI tract
A dog with gastrointestinal upset is put on a regimen of Chlorpromazine (trade name Thorazine). The owner calls the next day to say the dog’s urine is brown. Is this an emergency?
This is a normal side effect ofthis medication
Maropitant citrate is commonly used for animals experiencing acute vomiting. What is it’s trade name?
cerenia
Famotidine is used as:
An antiulcer, it coats the stomach
How does Sulcrafate work to treat gastric ulcers?
Forms a protective barrier at the site
When is Metoclopramide contraindicated to increase GI motility?
If a GI obstruction is suspected
Which miscellaneous GI drug is used to increase the flow of bile?
Ursodiol
How does the antacid Omeprazole work?
It is a proton pump inhibitor that prevents Hydrogen ions from being pumped into the stomach, reducing irritation
Heartgard is the trade name for what common antiparasitic?
Ivermectin
What is the best treatment for tapeworms?
Praziquantel (Droncit or Drontal)
Fludrocortisone (Florinef) is a mineralcorticoid for treatment of:
hypoadrenocorticism
Why is it important for the concentration of Insulin (U-100 or U-40) to match the syringe its administered in?
If U-100 Insulin is measured in a U-40 syringe, the animal will receive an overdose that is 2.5x the desired dose
_______ stimulate an animal’s immune ystem by introducing an antigen derived from pathogenic agents, encouraing an increased immunoresponse
Vaccines
What Mucolytic drug can actually be used to treat acetaminophen toxicity?
Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)
Atipamezole (Antisedan) is used to reverse what drug?
Dexmedetomidine (Dexdomitor)
Opioid analgesics work by:
a) blocking pain signals in brain
b) preventing pain signal from reaching spinal cord
c) reducing inflammation in tissues
d) anesthetising patient
A
Prednisone should NOT be given with:
a) midazolam
b) diphenhydramine
c) Famotidine
d) Meloxicam
D: Corticosteroids and NSAIDs should not be given concurrently because of the increase in adverse effects
Which of the following is a CNS stimulant?
a) Dopamine
b) Dobutamine
c) Dexmedetomidine
d) Doxapram
D
Which is an antiemetic?
a) Ranitidine
b) Chlorpromazine
c) Morphine
d) Amlodipine
B: phenothiazine with antiemetic properties
