Urinalysis Flashcards
What are the methods of collection for urine analysis?
Free catch, manual expression, urinary catheterization, cystocentesis
What other systems does a urine evaluate
Metabolic, endocrine, electrolytes, hydration status
What are the three parts of a urine sample?
Physical evaluation, chemical evaluation, micro, microscopic evaluation
What is the physical evaluation of a urine?
Volume, color, clarity, odor, specific gravity
What is the word for absence of urine?
Anuria
What is a normal cat and dog urine transparency
Clear
What is a normal horse urine transparency?
Cloudy
What is the normal rabbit urine transparency?
Milky
What does a sweet fruity odor mean in urine
Ketones
This cat and dog normal specific gravity
1.025-dog 1.030-cat
What is the mean of specific gravity gets lower?
More kidney function loss
What are the reagent strips good for?
WBC and ketones
When should you read a reagent strip within?
60 seconds
What is a pH of greater than seven considered to be?
Alkaline
What is a pH of less than seven considered to be?
Acidic
Carnivores have acidic or alkaline urine
Acidic
Herbivores have alkaline or acidic urine
Alkaline
True or false stress and excitement can increase urine pH
True
What are factors that may decrease urine pH?
Fever, starvation, high-protein, diet, acidosis, excessive muscular activity, certain drugs
What are factors that may increase urine pH?
High fiber, diet, UTI, with increased bacteria, certain drugs, urethral obstruction, bladder paralysis
Is protein a normal finding in urine
No
What is the word for protein in the urine?
Proteinuria
What is the word for glucose in the urine?
Glucosuria
What are causes of glucosuria
Diabetes mellitus, high carbohydrate, meal, fear, excitement, restraint, IV fluids containing glucose
What is the word for ketones in the urine?
Ketonuria
What are the three types of ketones?
Acetone, acetoacetic acid, b–hydroxybutyric acid
What is a common cause of ketones in the urine?
Ketonemia
What is ketonuria usually seen with?
Diabetes mellitus
True or false bilirubin is only water soluble
True
Bilirubin is normal in who
Dogs and cattle
What is hematuria?
Presence of intact red blood cells, urine could appear cloudy, red, brown, or wine color
What is hemoglobinuria?
Presence of free, hemoglobin in the urine, supernatant is red
What is myoglobinuria?
Presence of myoglobin in the urine, dark brown to black urine
Are casts and cells found on high power field or low power field
Casts- lpf, cells-hpf
What is normal in urine?
Occasional cast, occasional crystals, transitional epithelial cells 0 to 4, squamous epithelial cells 0 to 4, RBC 2 to 3, WBC zero to one
Finding more than two or three leukocytes in urine could indicate
Inflammatory process
What is the word for excessive WBC’s in the urine?
Pyuria
