Heartworm Flashcards by Samantha Capen

What are the different tests for heartworm

Snap test, difil, buffy coat, knotts test, direct smear, direct drop

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What does the difil test concentrate on?

Microfilaria

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What does the difil test use?

Whole blood, at least one cc

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How do you perform a difil test?

Add lysing solution to lyse, the red blood cells(nine parts lyse, one part red blood cells), pass blood solution through a filter, place filter on slide, apply stain in cover slip and examine for microfilaria

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How do you perform a direct smear?

Make a blood smear, stain, examine for microfilaria

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How do you perform a direct drop?

Play single drop of blood onto microscope line immediately after collecting, add cover slip, examine under 10 X for movement among the red blood cells

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What test is often unreliable unless large parasite burden

Direct drop

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How do you perform a Buffy coat examination?

Fill two high micro hematocrit tubes, spin at appropriate speed in time, examine Buffy coat directly through PVC tube under 10 X

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What is an occult infection

Antigen test is positive, but no circulating microfilaria are found in the blood

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What situations might be happening in an occult infection

Adults may be of 1 sex only
Immature adults
Adults are dead, but antigen has not been cleared
Immune mediated clearance of microfilaria
Monthly heartworm prevention
Improper handling of sample/lab error

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What is an imitator of dirofilaria

Acanthocheilonema

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What does DEA stand for?

Dog erythrocyte antigen

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What are the two types of canine blood?

1.1, 1.2

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Dogs that are DEA 1.1 positive can be considered to be

Universal recipients

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Dogs that are DEA 1.1 negative can be considered to be

Universal donors

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What is the most important canine blood type?

1.1

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What percent of greyhounds are considered DA 1.1 negative

60%

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What breeds are typically universal donors?

Boxers, Irish wolfhound, German shepherds, Dobermans, pitbull’s, greyhounds

What breeds of dogs are more commonly DEA 1.1 positive

Golden retrievers and labradors

Our naturally occurring anti-DEA 1.1 antibodies known to exist

What may happen if GA 1.1 positive blood is given to a DA 1.1 negative dog

No immediate reaction, however, antibodies may develop and result in a delayed transfusion reaction within one week of the original mismatch transfusion

What are the feline blood types?

A, B, AB

What do you type a A and B cats have

naturally occurring antibodies to the opposite blood type

What type of blood are most of the cats in the United States?

Type a

Type b cats are most likely to be

Purebred

True or false: few cats have AB

True

Transfusing ___________ cats with__________ may result in serious transfusion reactions, and even death

Type B, type a

What cats are universal recipients?

Type AB

Why do we cross match blood?

RBC’s have antigens found on their surface. They can react to antibodies found in blood of other animals.

True or false: antigen – antibody reactions can occur with an with blood transfusions of different blood group antigens between donors and recipients

True

What are the reactions that occur?

Agglutination of RBC‘s, lysis of RBC

What is the major cross match?

Donor RBC and recipient serum

What is a minor cross match?

Recipient RBC and donor serum

What is step one of cross matching?

2EDTA tubes of blood one is donor one is recipient 2SST tubes of blood one is donor one is recipient center huge tubes at 3000 RPM for 10 minutes. Pippette that off serum from donor and put it in RTT labeled donor serum pipette off serum from recipient and put an RTT.

What is step two to cross matching

Wash red blood cells from EDTA tubes three times and 4 to 5 mils of saline mix well centrifuge at five minutes at 3000 RPM. Remove saline and discard leaving plate of red boat cells at bottom tube repeat two more times done for both the donor and recipients red blood cells separately.

What is what is step three of cross matching

Spend RC pellet with saline to make sure a 2 to 5 RBC suspension one drop of RBC and 20 drops of saline prepare three plain RTT tubes, labeled major minor and recipient control

What is step four of cross matching?

To the major tube and two drops recipient serum and one drop donors RBC to the minor tube add two drops donor serum and one drop our recipient RBC to the control tube add two drops recipient serum and one drop recipient RBC

What is step five of cross mansion?

Mix gently and incubate for 15 to 20 minutes at 37°C in a warm water bath centrifuge all samples at 3000 RPM for one minute

What does slight homolysis infer

Nonspecific

What does significant hemolysis infer?

Incompatibility, necessity of choosing another donor

What is step six of cross matching?

Place a drop of crossmatch blood on a slide and examine it at 40 X for agglutination

What does evidence of agglutination infer?

Unsuitable donor

True or false: a compatible blood cross match does not prevent sensitization or delay transfusion fusion reactions, it simply indicates that at the present time no detectable antibodies against the RBC’s exist

True

What are blood donation programs?

University of Georgia blood donations program Ohio State University animal blood bank AHDC transfusion guidelines