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Clin Tech > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

What are erythrocytes responsible for?

A

Oxygen and CO2 transport between the lungs and tissues

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2
Q

What is the protein that binds oxygen for transport?

A

Hemoglobin

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3
Q

What is the average lifespan of a canine erythrocyte?

A

100– 120 days

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4
Q

What is the average lifespan for a feline erythrocyte?

A

70 days

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5
Q

What are automated analyzers for?

A

Facilitate the generation of hematologic data for complete blood counts

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6
Q

What are the benefits to automated analyzer?

A

Lower cost, reduce labor investment, more complete information

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7
Q

What does automated analyzer tell you?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

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8
Q

What is another name for polycythemia?

A

Erythrocytosis

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9
Q

What is erythrocytosis?

A

Increase number of red blood cells

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10
Q

What is accompanied by erythrocytosis?

A

Increase PVC and hemoglobin concentration

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11
Q

What is relative polycythemia?

A

Splenic, contraction, or dehydration

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12
Q

What is primary polycythemia?

A

Myeloproliferative disorders

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13
Q

What is secondary polycythemia?

A

Renal and lung disorders

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14
Q

What is anemia?

A

Decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

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15
Q

What is usually a result of anemia?

A

Decrease number of circulating red blood cells

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16
Q

What is an impedance analyzer?

A

Passage of electrical current across two electrodes separated by a glass tube with a small opening

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17
Q

What conducts the current in an impedance analyzer

A

Electrolyte fluid

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18
Q

How does an impedance analyzer work?

A

Counting by moving a specific volume of cells in the electrolyte solution through the aperture by use of a vacuum or positive pressure

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19
Q

True or false cells are poor conductors, and impede the flow of the current

A

True

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20
Q

True or false changing current is a function of cell size

A

True

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21
Q

What is the principle of impedance analysis

A

Cell counts

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22
Q

What are disadvantages to impedance analyzer?

A

Variation of cell size, morphologic abnormalities not noted, clumping inaccuracies, nucleated blood cell in accuracies

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23
Q

True or false quantitative Buffy coat analysis uses differential centrifugation and staining to estimate cells

A

True

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24
Q

True or false quantitative Buffy coat analysis uses specialized, micro hematocrit tubes

A

True

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25
Q

What does the quantitative Buffy coat analysis provide?

A

Hematocrit value and estimates white blood cell and platelet concentration

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26
Q

What are the limitations to quantitative Buffy coat analysis?

A

Left shift may go undetected, provides only estimates

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27
Q

What is the laser based flow cytometer?

A

Uses focus laserbeam’s to evaluate the size and density

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28
Q

True or false cell scatter light differently

A

True

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29
Q

What is the combination method?

A

Combine laser based and impedance methods

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30
Q

What offers histograms?

A

Automated analyzer

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31
Q

What can his histograms provide evidence of?

A

Anomalies

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32
Q

Emmanuel cell count performed regularly

A

No, they are typically performed in avian and exotic animal practice

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33
Q

What does the CBC include?

A

Total RBC count, PVC, plasma, protein, concentration, total WBC count, blood spear examination(differential WBC count and RBC and leukocyte morphology), reticulocyte count if anemic, hemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte indices

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34
Q

What are the red ring PVC tubes?

A

Heparin

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35
Q

What are the blue ring PVC tubes?

A

Nothing

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36
Q

Do red blood cells have a high or low specific gravity

A

High

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37
Q

What are the parts of a PVC?

A

Red blood cell, Buffy coat, plasma

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38
Q

What does the red blood cell part of a PVC look like?

A

Dark red layer

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39
Q

What is the Buffy coat in a PVC?

A

Whitish gray layer above the RBC layer, consists of white blood cells and platelets, height is a rough estimate of total white blood cell count

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40
Q

What is the plasma in a packed cell volume?

A

Clear, pale, yellow fluid, top layer

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41
Q

What does PCV stand for?

A

Pet cell volume

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42
Q

How would you describe a cloudy plasma layer in PVC?

A

Lipemic

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43
Q

How would you describe a reddish tinge plasma layer in PVC?

A

Hemolyzed

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44
Q

How would you describe a yellowish plasma layer in PCV

A

Icteric

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45
Q

How would you describe a normal plasma layer in a PCV?

A

Clear to pale yellow

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46
Q

What does a below normal PCV tell you

A

Anemia, inadequate volume of blood to anticoagulant ratio

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47
Q

What does an above normal PCV indicate

A

Polycythemia, dehydrated

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48
Q

What do you use to run a plasma protein concentration

A

Plasma from the hematocrit tube, refractometer

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49
Q

What are the measurements for plasma protein concentration

A

g/dL

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50
Q

True or false sleep examples can cause a false increase in total protein reading

A

True

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51
Q

What is another name for plasma protein concentration

A

Total protein

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52
Q

What is the functional unit of the RBC

A

Hemoglobin

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53
Q

True or false heme portion contains iron

A

True

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54
Q

What is the heme portion of hemoglobin

A

Iron

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55
Q

What is the glob in portion of hemoglobin

A

Amino acids

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56
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin

A

Oxygen replaces CO2 in respiration

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57
Q

What is methemoglobin

A

Occurs naturally

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58
Q

What is sulfhemoglobin

A

Results from cell aging

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59
Q

What does erythrocyte indices help classify

A

Anemia

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60
Q

What does an erythrocyte indices provide?

A

An objective measure of the size and average hemoglobin concentration

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61
Q

What is the accuracy dependent on for erythrocyte indices

A

Total RBC count, PVC, hemoglobin concentration

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62
Q

True or false erythrocytes and dices compare values to morphologic features

A

True

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63
Q

What does the MCV measure?

A

Average size of red blood cells

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64
Q

What does MCV stand for?

A

Mean corpuscular volume

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65
Q

What is the formula for MCV?

A

Divide PCV by RBC concentration and multiplied by 10

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66
Q

What does MCH

A

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin

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67
Q

What does mean corpuscular hemoglobin measure

A

Mean weight of hemoglobin contained in the average RBC

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68
Q

What is the equation for MCH?

A

Divide the hemoglobin concentration by the RBC concentration and multiplied by 10

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69
Q

What does MCHC stand for?

A

Mean corpuscular, hemoglobin concentration

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70
Q

What doesMCHC measure?

A

Concentration of hemoglobin in the average red blood cell

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71
Q

What is the equation for MCHC?

A

Divide the hemoglobin concentration by the PCV and multiplied by 100

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72
Q

What is a reticulocyte count?

A

Percent of RBC’s that are reticulocytes

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73
Q

When would you perform a reticulocyte count?

A

Anemic patient

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74
Q

What does a reticulocyte count assess

A

The bone marrow’s response to anemia

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75
Q

What can perform a reticulocyte count?

A

Automated analyzer and laser based methods

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76
Q

What stain is best to use for a reticulocyte count?

A

Supravital – does not contain a fixative, does contain a precipitate and bacteria

77
Q

What are the options for a super vital stain?

A

New methylene, blue or cresyl blue stain – fresh and filtered

78
Q

What equals reticulum

A

Aggregate and punctate

79
Q

What cells are specific to cats?

A

Punctate

80
Q

Do you count punctate cells

A

No

81
Q

Does romanosky stain stain punctate cells

A

No

82
Q

Should you count punctate cells

A

No

83
Q

What percent of punctate cells is normal in a cat

A

1.5-10%

84
Q

What species are aggregate cells found in

A

All

85
Q

What are aggregate cells?

A

Large clumps of reticulum

86
Q

How do you calculate a reticulocyte count?

A

Number of reticulocytes counted divided by 1000 RBC’s under oil immersion times 100 give answer as percent

87
Q

How do you do a corrected reticulocyte count

A

Observed reticulocyte percent times patients PCV divided by PCV for that spec species

88
Q

True or false hematologic abnormalities can be primary diseases or they may be secondary to other diseases

A

True

89
Q

What are the classifications of abnormalities?

A

Cell number and cell morphology

90
Q

What is increased cellularity

A

Hypercellular

91
Q

What is decrease cellularity

A

Hypocellular

92
Q

What is absent?

A

A plastic

93
Q

What is a fibrous inflammatory condition?

A

Infiltration of bone marrow with fibrin exudate without inflammatory cells

94
Q

What is chronic inflammatory condition?

A

Increase number of plasma cells, mature, lymphocytes, and mast cells

95
Q

What is chronic granulomatous inflammatory condition?

A

Increased number of macrophages

96
Q

What is chronic Pyogranulomatous inflammatory condition?

A

Both macrophages and neutrophils are present

97
Q

What is the common term for neoplasia?

A

Leukemia

98
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

Predominant of blast cells in the bone marrow

99
Q

What can Nela should be classified as?

A

Lymphoproliferative, myeloproliferative

100
Q

What is RBC function?

A

Transport and protect hemoglobin

101
Q

True or false red blood cell loss each day should equal production

A

True

102
Q

What is anemia?

A

Decrease production of RBC, increase loss, or destruction

103
Q

True or false anemia is a condition that involves O2 carrying capacity of RBC’s

A

True

104
Q

What are the two classifications of anemia?

A

Regenerative, and non-regenerative

105
Q

Is regenerative anemia, higher or lower?

A

Higher

106
Q

Is non-regenerative, anemia, higher or lower

A

Lower

107
Q

What is anemia based on?

A

MCV and MCHC

108
Q

What laboratory test can test for anemia?

A

Ridiculous site counts, erythrocyte, indexes, RBC morphology, plasma, color, turbidity, total protein, concentration, Sara, blood iron measurement, bilirubin, measurement, and bone marrow evaluation

109
Q

What is regenerative anemia?

A

Increased erythrocyte production

110
Q

True or false most animals exhibit, signs of regeneration anemia within 4 to 7 days from cause of anemia

A

True

111
Q

True or false for anemia horses rarely release reticulocytes so bone marrow evaluations must be done

A

True

112
Q

True or false regenerative anemia is bone marrow responding to the loss of blood

A

True

113
Q

What is an adequate response to regenerative anemia?

A

Percentage of reticulocytes greater than or equal to the expected percentage for a corresponding PCV

114
Q

What is non-regenerative anemia

A

Bone marrow is unable to respond to blood loss, reticulocytes are absent in blood

115
Q

What are common causes for non-regenerative anemia

A

Iron deficiency, eichiosis, drug toxicity, histoplasmosis, hypothyroidism, renal insufficiency

116
Q

What is normocytic anemia

A

Normal size RBC’s, occurs secondary to acute or chronic disorders

117
Q

What is macrocytic anemia?

A

Large RBC’s, transitory increase in response to regenerative anemia

118
Q

What is microcytic anemia?

A

Small RBC’s, iron deficiency, hemoglobin concentration is dependent on the iron present

119
Q

What is hypo chromatic?

A

Reduce hemoglobin concentration

120
Q

What is hypo chromatic?

A

Newly released polychromatic RBCs, caused by iron deficiency

121
Q

What is normal chromatic

A

Normal levels of hemoglobin

122
Q

True or false hyper chromatic is not possible as RBC’s have a fixed capacity for hemoglobin

A

True

123
Q

What is hemolytic?

A

RBC destruction, usually regenerative

124
Q

What is hemorrhagic

A

A queue or chronic blood loss, history, clinical sciences, helped determine cause, trauma, parasites, coagulopathy, neoplasia, cystitis, G.I. ulceration

125
Q

What is iron deficiency?

A

Nutritional or chronic blood loss, microcytic RBC, low MCHC

126
Q

What is production disorders?

A

Erythropoiesis – reduced or defective, normacytic, chronic renal disease, hyperthyroidism, hypoaDrenacortacism, bracken fern poisoning, iron, or copper deficiency, parvo virus, lead toxicity

127
Q

What are morphologic changes?

A

Morphologic features of cells must be evaluated when performing the differential, the presence of any abnormal cells or toxic changes should be semi quantified

128
Q

How do you quantify morphologic changes?

A

A scale of 1+ – 4+, one plus equals 5 to 10%, 2+ equals 10 to 25%, 3+ equals 50%, 4+ equals more than 75%

129
Q

What is the second way to quantify morphologic changes?

A

Slight moderate and marked, slight equals 10%, moderate equals 25%, marked equals 50%

130
Q

What is pellet huet anomaly

A

Nuclear hyposegmentation, congenital defect

131
Q

What is toxic change?

A

Cytoplasmic basophilia, döhle baddies, toxic granulation, giantism, common disease, induce cytoplasm changes in neutrophils, associated with inflammation, infection, drug toxicity

132
Q

What are atypical lymphocytes?

A

Have basophilic cytoplasm and cleaved nuclei

133
Q

What are reactive lymphocytes?

A

Increase basophilic cytoplasm, more abundant cytoplasm, sometimes a large voluted nuclei, usually caused by antigenic stimulation

134
Q

What is another name for reactive lymphocytes

A

Immunocytes

135
Q

What is lysosomal storage disorders?

A

Rare inherited diseases, of substance abnormally, stored in cells, the substance may be seen in leukocytes(usually seen in monocytes lymphocytes or neutrophils)

136
Q

What are clinical signs for lysosomal storage disorders?

A

Clinical signs vary, most skeletal or neurologic disease

137
Q

What can you see with lysosomal storage disorders?

A

Lymphocytes may be vacuolated, or they may contain granules; neutrophils may also contain granules

138
Q

What is Burman cat neutrophil granulation anomaly?

A

Neutrophils contain fine, eosinophilic to magenta granules, inherited autosomal – recessive trait

139
Q

Is neutrophil function, normal and cats are healthy with birman , cat neutrophil granulation anomaly

A

Yes

140
Q

What is chédiak-higashi syndrome

A

Neutrophils have large, fuse slices with the cytoplasm

141
Q

What do chédiak-higashi syndrome cell stain

A

Lightly pink to eosinophilic

142
Q

How many neutrophils are affected with chédiak-higashi syndrome

A

One in three or four

143
Q

True or false animals with chédiak-higashi syndrome may bleed due to abnormal platelet function

A

True

144
Q

Who is prone to chédiak-higashi syndrome?

A

Persian, cats, cattle, foxes, and others

145
Q

True or false with chédiak-higashi syndrome there is normal neutrophil function, and animals appear healthy

A

True

146
Q

What are siderotic granules?

A

Present in neutrophils and monocytes of animals with hemolytic anemia

147
Q

How do siderotic granules appear?

A

As Döhle bodies

148
Q

How do you tell the difference between siderotic granules and döhle bodies

A

Prussian blue stain

149
Q

Can siderotic granules occur in RBC’s

A

Yes, called siderocytes

150
Q

What are smudge cells also known as as?

A

Basket cells

151
Q

What are smudge cells?

A

Degenerative leukocytes that have ruptured

152
Q

What is karyolysis

A

Degenerative change to the nucleus by dissolution of the nuclear membrane(septic exudates)

153
Q

What is pyknosis

A

Condensing of the nucleus as the cell dies

154
Q

What is karyorrhexis

A

Fragmentation of the nucleus after cell death

155
Q

What is rouleaux

A

Stacking of erythrocytes

156
Q

Who is rouleaux normal in?

A

Horses and maybe present in cats and pigs

157
Q

What is rouleaux an artifact of

A

Prolonged storage

158
Q

What is auto agglutination?

A

Occurs in immune, mediated disorders, cells with antibodies, resulting in bridges and clumps

159
Q

How do you differentiate auto agglutination from rouleaux

A

A drop of saline, rouleaux will disperse in sailing

160
Q

What is anisocytosis?

A

Variation in RBC size; macrocytes, microcytes, or both

161
Q

What is polychromasia?

A

RBCs with a bluish tint; presence of organelles within the cytoplasm, young cells

162
Q

What is hypochromasia?

A

RBC’s with decreased color, insufficient, hemoglobin, very pale central region, iron deficiency

163
Q

What is hyperchromatophilic

A

Darkly stain, RBCs, gives the appearance of too much hemoglobin, but a cell has a fixed capacity for hemoglobin so oversaturation cannot occur

164
Q

What are hyperchromatophilic typically

A

Microcytes or spherocyte

165
Q

What are poikilocytes

A

Abnormally shaped, not helpful and diagnosis, use only why morphologic abnormalities cannot be more specific

166
Q

What is a schistocyte

A

RBC fragments, trauma due to intravascular shearing, DIC

167
Q

What does DIC stand for?

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy

168
Q

What are acanthocytes sites?

A

Spur cells, irregular, and speculated
Cats – hepatic lipidosis
Dogs – hemangiosarcoma

169
Q

What are echinocytes?

A

Burr cell
Spiculated- crenation
Artifactual – slowly drying
Dogs – renal failure, lymphocarcoma, snake bites

170
Q

What are drepanocytes

A

Sickle cells – deer and Angora goats

171
Q

What are keratocytes

A

Helmet cells, blister cells, or bite cells
Hemangiosarcoma, neoplasia, glomerulonephritis, hepatic disease diseases

172
Q

What are spherocyte?

A

Small, dark staining RBC’s with reduced or no central pallor, hard to detect in species, other than dog, immune, mediated, hemolytic, anemia, following transfusions

173
Q

What is a leptocyte

A

Target sells, codocytes
Anemia, liver disease, diseases, inherited disorders

174
Q

What are stomatocytes

A

Folded cells, slit, pale region, artifacts

175
Q

What are knizocytes

A

Barr cells

176
Q

What are elliptocytes

A

Normal in Camelid’s in non-mammals, in other species – lymphoblastic leukemia, hepatic, lipidosis, prosystemic shunt, glomerulonephritis

177
Q

What are eccentrocytes

A

Diabetic, ketoacidosis, neoplasia, babesia canis , ingestion of garlic, onions, acetaminophen, hemoglobin pushed to one side

178
Q

What are dacryocytes

A

Teardrop shaped, myelofibrosis and myeloproliferative diseases

179
Q

What is basophilic stippling

A

Presence of small, dark blue bodies, residual, RNA, immature RBCs of ruminant, cats responding to anemia, lead poisoning

180
Q

What are Howell – jolly bodies

A

Basophilic nuclear remnants in young RBC, in response to anemia, remove one pass through the spleen, increases equals spleen disorders

181
Q

What are Heinz bodies?

A

Round blue structures – denatured hemoglobin, accident, drugs, and chemicals, normal and cats in 5% of RBC’s, but increased amounts, indicate lymphosarcoma, hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus

182
Q

What are nucleated erythrocytes?

A

Immature cells during anemia, normal in non-mammals

183
Q

What is mycoplasma haemofelis

A

Hemobartonellosis or a feline infectious anemia, small, cocci, rod shaped or ring like and dark

184
Q

What does erlichia attack?

A

Monocytes and neutrophils

185
Q

What is anaplasma

A

Small, dark stained cocci at margin of RBC

186
Q

What species is eperythrozoa

A

Swine, cattle, llamas

187
Q

What species is cytauxzoon

A

Feline

188
Q

What species is babesia

A

Cattle, horses, dogs

189
Q

What species is babesia

A

Cattle, horses, dogs

Clin Tech (13 decks)

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