Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Clin Tech > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

What are erythrocytes responsible for?

A

Oxygen and CO2 transport between the lungs and tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the protein that binds oxygen for transport?

A

Hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the average lifespan of a canine erythrocyte?

A

100– 120 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the average lifespan for a feline erythrocyte?

A

70 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are automated analyzers for?

A

Facilitate the generation of hematologic data for complete blood counts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the benefits to automated analyzer?

A

Lower cost, reduce labor investment, more complete information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does automated analyzer tell you?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is another name for polycythemia?

A

Erythrocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is erythrocytosis?

A

Increase number of red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is accompanied by erythrocytosis?

A

Increase PVC and hemoglobin concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is relative polycythemia?

A

Splenic, contraction, or dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is primary polycythemia?

A

Myeloproliferative disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is secondary polycythemia?

A

Renal and lung disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is anemia?

A

Decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is usually a result of anemia?

A

Decrease number of circulating red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an impedance analyzer?

A

Passage of electrical current across two electrodes separated by a glass tube with a small opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What conducts the current in an impedance analyzer

A

Electrolyte fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does an impedance analyzer work?

A

Counting by moving a specific volume of cells in the electrolyte solution through the aperture by use of a vacuum or positive pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

True or false cells are poor conductors, and impede the flow of the current

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

True or false changing current is a function of cell size

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the principle of impedance analysis

A

Cell counts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are disadvantages to impedance analyzer?

A

Variation of cell size, morphologic abnormalities not noted, clumping inaccuracies, nucleated blood cell in accuracies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

True or false quantitative Buffy coat analysis uses differential centrifugation and staining to estimate cells

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

True or false quantitative Buffy coat analysis uses specialized, micro hematocrit tubes

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does the quantitative Buffy coat analysis provide?

A

Hematocrit value and estimates white blood cell and platelet concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the limitations to quantitative Buffy coat analysis?

A

Left shift may go undetected, provides only estimates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the laser based flow cytometer?

A

Uses focus laserbeam’s to evaluate the size and density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

True or false cell scatter light differently

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the combination method?

A

Combine laser based and impedance methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What offers histograms?

A

Automated analyzer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What can his histograms provide evidence of?

A

Anomalies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Emmanuel cell count performed regularly

A

No, they are typically performed in avian and exotic animal practice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does the CBC include?

A

Total RBC count, PVC, plasma, protein, concentration, total WBC count, blood spear examination(differential WBC count and RBC and leukocyte morphology), reticulocyte count if anemic, hemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte indices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the red ring PVC tubes?

A

Heparin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the blue ring PVC tubes?

A

Nothing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Do red blood cells have a high or low specific gravity

A

High

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the parts of a PVC?

A

Red blood cell, Buffy coat, plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does the red blood cell part of a PVC look like?

A

Dark red layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the Buffy coat in a PVC?

A

Whitish gray layer above the RBC layer, consists of white blood cells and platelets, height is a rough estimate of total white blood cell count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the plasma in a packed cell volume?

A

Clear, pale, yellow fluid, top layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What does PCV stand for?

A

Pet cell volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How would you describe a cloudy plasma layer in PVC?

A

Lipemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How would you describe a reddish tinge plasma layer in PVC?

A

Hemolyzed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How would you describe a yellowish plasma layer in PCV

A

Icteric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How would you describe a normal plasma layer in a PCV?

A

Clear to pale yellow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What does a below normal PCV tell you

A

Anemia, inadequate volume of blood to anticoagulant ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What does an above normal PCV indicate

A

Polycythemia, dehydrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What do you use to run a plasma protein concentration

A

Plasma from the hematocrit tube, refractometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the measurements for plasma protein concentration

A

g/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

True or false sleep examples can cause a false increase in total protein reading

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is another name for plasma protein concentration

A

Total protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the functional unit of the RBC

A

Hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

True or false heme portion contains iron

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the heme portion of hemoglobin

A

Iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is the glob in portion of hemoglobin

A

Amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin

A

Oxygen replaces CO2 in respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is methemoglobin

A

Occurs naturally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is sulfhemoglobin

A

Results from cell aging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What does erythrocyte indices help classify

A

Anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What does an erythrocyte indices provide?

A

An objective measure of the size and average hemoglobin concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is the accuracy dependent on for erythrocyte indices

A

Total RBC count, PVC, hemoglobin concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

True or false erythrocytes and dices compare values to morphologic features

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What does the MCV measure?

A

Average size of red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What does MCV stand for?

A

Mean corpuscular volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What is the formula for MCV?

A

Divide PCV by RBC concentration and multiplied by 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What does MCH

A

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What does mean corpuscular hemoglobin measure

A

Mean weight of hemoglobin contained in the average RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What is the equation for MCH?

A

Divide the hemoglobin concentration by the RBC concentration and multiplied by 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What does MCHC stand for?

A

Mean corpuscular, hemoglobin concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What doesMCHC measure?

A

Concentration of hemoglobin in the average red blood cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What is the equation for MCHC?

A

Divide the hemoglobin concentration by the PCV and multiplied by 100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What is a reticulocyte count?

A

Percent of RBC’s that are reticulocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

When would you perform a reticulocyte count?

A

Anemic patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What does a reticulocyte count assess

A

The bone marrow’s response to anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What can perform a reticulocyte count?

A

Automated analyzer and laser based methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What stain is best to use for a reticulocyte count?

A

Supravital – does not contain a fixative, does contain a precipitate and bacteria

77
Q

What are the options for a super vital stain?

A

New methylene, blue or cresyl blue stain – fresh and filtered

78
Q

What equals reticulum

A

Aggregate and punctate

79
Q

What cells are specific to cats?

80
Q

Do you count punctate cells

81
Q

Does romanosky stain stain punctate cells

82
Q

Should you count punctate cells

83
Q

What percent of punctate cells is normal in a cat

84
Q

What species are aggregate cells found in

85
Q

What are aggregate cells?

A

Large clumps of reticulum

86
Q

How do you calculate a reticulocyte count?

A

Number of reticulocytes counted divided by 1000 RBC’s under oil immersion times 100 give answer as percent

87
Q

How do you do a corrected reticulocyte count

A

Observed reticulocyte percent times patients PCV divided by PCV for that spec species

88
Q

True or false hematologic abnormalities can be primary diseases or they may be secondary to other diseases

89
Q

What are the classifications of abnormalities?

A

Cell number and cell morphology

90
Q

What is increased cellularity

A

Hypercellular

91
Q

What is decrease cellularity

A

Hypocellular

92
Q

What is absent?

93
Q

What is a fibrous inflammatory condition?

A

Infiltration of bone marrow with fibrin exudate without inflammatory cells

94
Q

What is chronic inflammatory condition?

A

Increase number of plasma cells, mature, lymphocytes, and mast cells

95
Q

What is chronic granulomatous inflammatory condition?

A

Increased number of macrophages

96
Q

What is chronic Pyogranulomatous inflammatory condition?

A

Both macrophages and neutrophils are present

97
Q

What is the common term for neoplasia?

98
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

Predominant of blast cells in the bone marrow

99
Q

What can Nela should be classified as?

A

Lymphoproliferative, myeloproliferative

100
Q

What is RBC function?

A

Transport and protect hemoglobin

101
Q

True or false red blood cell loss each day should equal production

102
Q

What is anemia?

A

Decrease production of RBC, increase loss, or destruction

103
Q

True or false anemia is a condition that involves O2 carrying capacity of RBC’s

104
Q

What are the two classifications of anemia?

A

Regenerative, and non-regenerative

105
Q

Is regenerative anemia, higher or lower?

106
Q

Is non-regenerative, anemia, higher or lower

107
Q

What is anemia based on?

A

MCV and MCHC

108
Q

What laboratory test can test for anemia?

A

Ridiculous site counts, erythrocyte, indexes, RBC morphology, plasma, color, turbidity, total protein, concentration, Sara, blood iron measurement, bilirubin, measurement, and bone marrow evaluation

109
Q

What is regenerative anemia?

A

Increased erythrocyte production

110
Q

True or false most animals exhibit, signs of regeneration anemia within 4 to 7 days from cause of anemia

111
Q

True or false for anemia horses rarely release reticulocytes so bone marrow evaluations must be done

112
Q

True or false regenerative anemia is bone marrow responding to the loss of blood

113
Q

What is an adequate response to regenerative anemia?

A

Percentage of reticulocytes greater than or equal to the expected percentage for a corresponding PCV

114
Q

What is non-regenerative anemia

A

Bone marrow is unable to respond to blood loss, reticulocytes are absent in blood

115
Q

What are common causes for non-regenerative anemia

A

Iron deficiency, eichiosis, drug toxicity, histoplasmosis, hypothyroidism, renal insufficiency

116
Q

What is normocytic anemia

A

Normal size RBC’s, occurs secondary to acute or chronic disorders

117
Q

What is macrocytic anemia?

A

Large RBC’s, transitory increase in response to regenerative anemia

118
Q

What is microcytic anemia?

A

Small RBC’s, iron deficiency, hemoglobin concentration is dependent on the iron present

119
Q

What is hypo chromatic?

A

Reduce hemoglobin concentration

120
Q

What is hypo chromatic?

A

Newly released polychromatic RBCs, caused by iron deficiency

121
Q

What is normal chromatic

A

Normal levels of hemoglobin

122
Q

True or false hyper chromatic is not possible as RBC’s have a fixed capacity for hemoglobin

123
Q

What is hemolytic?

A

RBC destruction, usually regenerative

124
Q

What is hemorrhagic

A

A queue or chronic blood loss, history, clinical sciences, helped determine cause, trauma, parasites, coagulopathy, neoplasia, cystitis, G.I. ulceration

125
Q

What is iron deficiency?

A

Nutritional or chronic blood loss, microcytic RBC, low MCHC

126
Q

What is production disorders?

A

Erythropoiesis – reduced or defective, normacytic, chronic renal disease, hyperthyroidism, hypoaDrenacortacism, bracken fern poisoning, iron, or copper deficiency, parvo virus, lead toxicity

127
Q

What are morphologic changes?

A

Morphologic features of cells must be evaluated when performing the differential, the presence of any abnormal cells or toxic changes should be semi quantified

128
Q

How do you quantify morphologic changes?

A

A scale of 1+ – 4+, one plus equals 5 to 10%, 2+ equals 10 to 25%, 3+ equals 50%, 4+ equals more than 75%

129
Q

What is the second way to quantify morphologic changes?

A

Slight moderate and marked, slight equals 10%, moderate equals 25%, marked equals 50%

130
Q

What is pellet huet anomaly

A

Nuclear hyposegmentation, congenital defect

131
Q

What is toxic change?

A

Cytoplasmic basophilia, döhle baddies, toxic granulation, giantism, common disease, induce cytoplasm changes in neutrophils, associated with inflammation, infection, drug toxicity

132
Q

What are atypical lymphocytes?

A

Have basophilic cytoplasm and cleaved nuclei

133
Q

What are reactive lymphocytes?

A

Increase basophilic cytoplasm, more abundant cytoplasm, sometimes a large voluted nuclei, usually caused by antigenic stimulation

134
Q

What is another name for reactive lymphocytes

A

Immunocytes

135
Q

What is lysosomal storage disorders?

A

Rare inherited diseases, of substance abnormally, stored in cells, the substance may be seen in leukocytes(usually seen in monocytes lymphocytes or neutrophils)

136
Q

What are clinical signs for lysosomal storage disorders?

A

Clinical signs vary, most skeletal or neurologic disease

137
Q

What can you see with lysosomal storage disorders?

A

Lymphocytes may be vacuolated, or they may contain granules; neutrophils may also contain granules

138
Q

What is Burman cat neutrophil granulation anomaly?

A

Neutrophils contain fine, eosinophilic to magenta granules, inherited autosomal – recessive trait

139
Q

Is neutrophil function, normal and cats are healthy with birman , cat neutrophil granulation anomaly

140
Q

What is chédiak-higashi syndrome

A

Neutrophils have large, fuse slices with the cytoplasm

141
Q

What do chédiak-higashi syndrome cell stain

A

Lightly pink to eosinophilic

142
Q

How many neutrophils are affected with chédiak-higashi syndrome

A

One in three or four

143
Q

True or false animals with chédiak-higashi syndrome may bleed due to abnormal platelet function

144
Q

Who is prone to chédiak-higashi syndrome?

A

Persian, cats, cattle, foxes, and others

145
Q

True or false with chédiak-higashi syndrome there is normal neutrophil function, and animals appear healthy

146
Q

What are siderotic granules?

A

Present in neutrophils and monocytes of animals with hemolytic anemia

147
Q

How do siderotic granules appear?

A

As Döhle bodies

148
Q

How do you tell the difference between siderotic granules and döhle bodies

A

Prussian blue stain

149
Q

Can siderotic granules occur in RBC’s

A

Yes, called siderocytes

150
Q

What are smudge cells also known as as?

A

Basket cells

151
Q

What are smudge cells?

A

Degenerative leukocytes that have ruptured

152
Q

What is karyolysis

A

Degenerative change to the nucleus by dissolution of the nuclear membrane(septic exudates)

153
Q

What is pyknosis

A

Condensing of the nucleus as the cell dies

154
Q

What is karyorrhexis

A

Fragmentation of the nucleus after cell death

155
Q

What is rouleaux

A

Stacking of erythrocytes

156
Q

Who is rouleaux normal in?

A

Horses and maybe present in cats and pigs

157
Q

What is rouleaux an artifact of

A

Prolonged storage

158
Q

What is auto agglutination?

A

Occurs in immune, mediated disorders, cells with antibodies, resulting in bridges and clumps

159
Q

How do you differentiate auto agglutination from rouleaux

A

A drop of saline, rouleaux will disperse in sailing

160
Q

What is anisocytosis?

A

Variation in RBC size; macrocytes, microcytes, or both

161
Q

What is polychromasia?

A

RBCs with a bluish tint; presence of organelles within the cytoplasm, young cells

162
Q

What is hypochromasia?

A

RBC’s with decreased color, insufficient, hemoglobin, very pale central region, iron deficiency

163
Q

What is hyperchromatophilic

A

Darkly stain, RBCs, gives the appearance of too much hemoglobin, but a cell has a fixed capacity for hemoglobin so oversaturation cannot occur

164
Q

What are hyperchromatophilic typically

A

Microcytes or spherocyte

165
Q

What are poikilocytes

A

Abnormally shaped, not helpful and diagnosis, use only why morphologic abnormalities cannot be more specific

166
Q

What is a schistocyte

A

RBC fragments, trauma due to intravascular shearing, DIC

167
Q

What does DIC stand for?

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy

168
Q

What are acanthocytes sites?

A

Spur cells, irregular, and speculated
Cats – hepatic lipidosis
Dogs – hemangiosarcoma

169
Q

What are echinocytes?

A

Burr cell
Spiculated- crenation
Artifactual – slowly drying
Dogs – renal failure, lymphocarcoma, snake bites

170
Q

What are drepanocytes

A

Sickle cells – deer and Angora goats

171
Q

What are keratocytes

A

Helmet cells, blister cells, or bite cells
Hemangiosarcoma, neoplasia, glomerulonephritis, hepatic disease diseases

172
Q

What are spherocyte?

A

Small, dark staining RBC’s with reduced or no central pallor, hard to detect in species, other than dog, immune, mediated, hemolytic, anemia, following transfusions

173
Q

What is a leptocyte

A

Target sells, codocytes
Anemia, liver disease, diseases, inherited disorders

174
Q

What are stomatocytes

A

Folded cells, slit, pale region, artifacts

175
Q

What are knizocytes

A

Barr cells

176
Q

What are elliptocytes

A

Normal in Camelid’s in non-mammals, in other species – lymphoblastic leukemia, hepatic, lipidosis, prosystemic shunt, glomerulonephritis

177
Q

What are eccentrocytes

A

Diabetic, ketoacidosis, neoplasia, babesia canis , ingestion of garlic, onions, acetaminophen, hemoglobin pushed to one side

178
Q

What are dacryocytes

A

Teardrop shaped, myelofibrosis and myeloproliferative diseases

179
Q

What is basophilic stippling

A

Presence of small, dark blue bodies, residual, RNA, immature RBCs of ruminant, cats responding to anemia, lead poisoning

180
Q

What are Howell – jolly bodies

A

Basophilic nuclear remnants in young RBC, in response to anemia, remove one pass through the spleen, increases equals spleen disorders

181
Q

What are Heinz bodies?

A

Round blue structures – denatured hemoglobin, accident, drugs, and chemicals, normal and cats in 5% of RBC’s, but increased amounts, indicate lymphosarcoma, hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus

182
Q

What are nucleated erythrocytes?

A

Immature cells during anemia, normal in non-mammals

183
Q

What is mycoplasma haemofelis

A

Hemobartonellosis or a feline infectious anemia, small, cocci, rod shaped or ring like and dark

184
Q

What does erlichia attack?

A

Monocytes and neutrophils

185
Q

What is anaplasma

A

Small, dark stained cocci at margin of RBC

186
Q

What species is eperythrozoa

A

Swine, cattle, llamas

187
Q

What species is cytauxzoon

188
Q

What species is babesia

A

Cattle, horses, dogs

189
Q

What species is babesia

A

Cattle, horses, dogs

Clin Tech (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions