Hematology Flashcards
1
Q
What are erythrocytes responsible for?
A
Oxygen and CO2 transport between the lungs and tissues
2
Q
What is the protein that binds oxygen for transport?
A
Hemoglobin
3
Q
What is the average lifespan of a canine erythrocyte?
A
100– 120 days
4
Q
What is the average lifespan for a feline erythrocyte?
A
70 days
5
Q
What are automated analyzers for?
A
Facilitate the generation of hematologic data for complete blood counts
6
Q
What are the benefits to automated analyzer?
A
Lower cost, reduce labor investment, more complete information
7
Q
What does automated analyzer tell you?
A
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
8
Q
What is another name for polycythemia?
A
Erythrocytosis
9
Q
What is erythrocytosis?
A
Increase number of red blood cells
10
Q
What is accompanied by erythrocytosis?
A
Increase PVC and hemoglobin concentration
11
Q
What is relative polycythemia?
A
Splenic, contraction, or dehydration
12
Q
What is primary polycythemia?
A
Myeloproliferative disorders
13
Q
What is secondary polycythemia?
A
Renal and lung disorders
14
Q
What is anemia?
A
Decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
15
Q
What is usually a result of anemia?
A
Decrease number of circulating red blood cells
16
Q
What is an impedance analyzer?
A
Passage of electrical current across two electrodes separated by a glass tube with a small opening
17
Q
What conducts the current in an impedance analyzer
A
Electrolyte fluid
18
Q
How does an impedance analyzer work?
A
Counting by moving a specific volume of cells in the electrolyte solution through the aperture by use of a vacuum or positive pressure
19
Q
True or false cells are poor conductors, and impede the flow of the current
A
True
20
Q
True or false changing current is a function of cell size
A
True
21
Q
What is the principle of impedance analysis
A
Cell counts
22
Q
What are disadvantages to impedance analyzer?
A
Variation of cell size, morphologic abnormalities not noted, clumping inaccuracies, nucleated blood cell in accuracies
23
Q
True or false quantitative Buffy coat analysis uses differential centrifugation and staining to estimate cells
A
True
24
Q
True or false quantitative Buffy coat analysis uses specialized, micro hematocrit tubes
A
True
25
What does the quantitative Buffy coat analysis provide?
Hematocrit value and estimates white blood cell and platelet concentration
26
What are the limitations to quantitative Buffy coat analysis?
Left shift may go undetected, provides only estimates
27
What is the laser based flow cytometer?
Uses focus laserbeam’s to evaluate the size and density
28
True or false cell scatter light differently
True
29
What is the combination method?
Combine laser based and impedance methods
30
What offers histograms?
Automated analyzer
31
What can his histograms provide evidence of?
Anomalies
32
Emmanuel cell count performed regularly
No, they are typically performed in avian and exotic animal practice
33
What does the CBC include?
Total RBC count, PVC, plasma, protein, concentration, total WBC count, blood spear examination(differential WBC count and RBC and leukocyte morphology), reticulocyte count if anemic, hemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte indices
34
What are the red ring PVC tubes?
Heparin
35
What are the blue ring PVC tubes?
Nothing
36
Do red blood cells have a high or low specific gravity
High
37
What are the parts of a PVC?
Red blood cell, Buffy coat, plasma
38
What does the red blood cell part of a PVC look like?
Dark red layer
39
What is the Buffy coat in a PVC?
Whitish gray layer above the RBC layer, consists of white blood cells and platelets, height is a rough estimate of total white blood cell count
40
What is the plasma in a packed cell volume?
Clear, pale, yellow fluid, top layer
41
What does PCV stand for?
Pet cell volume
42
How would you describe a cloudy plasma layer in PVC?
Lipemic
43
How would you describe a reddish tinge plasma layer in PVC?
Hemolyzed
44
How would you describe a yellowish plasma layer in PCV
Icteric
45
How would you describe a normal plasma layer in a PCV?
Clear to pale yellow
46
What does a below normal PCV tell you
Anemia, inadequate volume of blood to anticoagulant ratio
47
What does an above normal PCV indicate
Polycythemia, dehydrated
48
What do you use to run a plasma protein concentration
Plasma from the hematocrit tube, refractometer
49
What are the measurements for plasma protein concentration
g/dL
50
True or false sleep examples can cause a false increase in total protein reading
True
51
What is another name for plasma protein concentration
Total protein
52
What is the functional unit of the RBC
Hemoglobin
53
True or false heme portion contains iron
True
54
What is the heme portion of hemoglobin
Iron
55
What is the glob in portion of hemoglobin
Amino acids
56
What is oxyhemoglobin
Oxygen replaces CO2 in respiration
57
What is methemoglobin
Occurs naturally
58
What is sulfhemoglobin
Results from cell aging
59
What does erythrocyte indices help classify
Anemia
60
What does an erythrocyte indices provide?
An objective measure of the size and average hemoglobin concentration
61
What is the accuracy dependent on for erythrocyte indices
Total RBC count, PVC, hemoglobin concentration
62
True or false erythrocytes and dices compare values to morphologic features
True
63
What does the MCV measure?
Average size of red blood cells
64
What does MCV stand for?
Mean corpuscular volume
65
What is the formula for MCV?
Divide PCV by RBC concentration and multiplied by 10
66
What does MCH
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
67
What does mean corpuscular hemoglobin measure
Mean weight of hemoglobin contained in the average RBC
68
What is the equation for MCH?
Divide the hemoglobin concentration by the RBC concentration and multiplied by 10
69
What does MCHC stand for?
Mean corpuscular, hemoglobin concentration
70
What doesMCHC measure?
Concentration of hemoglobin in the average red blood cell
71
What is the equation for MCHC?
Divide the hemoglobin concentration by the PCV and multiplied by 100
72
What is a reticulocyte count?
Percent of RBC’s that are reticulocytes
73
When would you perform a reticulocyte count?
Anemic patient
74
What does a reticulocyte count assess
The bone marrow’s response to anemia
75
What can perform a reticulocyte count?
Automated analyzer and laser based methods
76
What stain is best to use for a reticulocyte count?
Supravital – does not contain a fixative, does contain a precipitate and bacteria
77
What are the options for a super vital stain?
New methylene, blue or cresyl blue stain – fresh and filtered
78
What equals reticulum
Aggregate and punctate
79
What cells are specific to cats?
Punctate
80
Do you count punctate cells
No
81
Does romanosky stain stain punctate cells
No
82
Should you count punctate cells
No
83
What percent of punctate cells is normal in a cat
1.5-10%
84
What species are aggregate cells found in
All
85
What are aggregate cells?
Large clumps of reticulum
86
How do you calculate a reticulocyte count?
Number of reticulocytes counted divided by 1000 RBC’s under oil immersion times 100 give answer as percent
87
How do you do a corrected reticulocyte count
Observed reticulocyte percent times patients PCV divided by PCV for that spec species
88
True or false hematologic abnormalities can be primary diseases or they may be secondary to other diseases
True
89
What are the classifications of abnormalities?
Cell number and cell morphology
90
What is increased cellularity
Hypercellular
91
What is decrease cellularity
Hypocellular
92
What is absent?
A plastic
93
What is a fibrous inflammatory condition?
Infiltration of bone marrow with fibrin exudate without inflammatory cells
94
What is chronic inflammatory condition?
Increase number of plasma cells, mature, lymphocytes, and mast cells
95
What is chronic granulomatous inflammatory condition?
Increased number of macrophages
96
What is chronic Pyogranulomatous inflammatory condition?
Both macrophages and neutrophils are present
97
What is the common term for neoplasia?
Leukemia
98
What is neoplasia?
Predominant of blast cells in the bone marrow
99
What can Nela should be classified as?
Lymphoproliferative, myeloproliferative
100
What is RBC function?
Transport and protect hemoglobin
101
True or false red blood cell loss each day should equal production
True
102
What is anemia?
Decrease production of RBC, increase loss, or destruction
103
True or false anemia is a condition that involves O2 carrying capacity of RBC’s
True
104
What are the two classifications of anemia?
Regenerative, and non-regenerative
105
Is regenerative anemia, higher or lower?
Higher
106
Is non-regenerative, anemia, higher or lower
Lower
107
What is anemia based on?
MCV and MCHC
108
What laboratory test can test for anemia?
Ridiculous site counts, erythrocyte, indexes, RBC morphology, plasma, color, turbidity, total protein, concentration, Sara, blood iron measurement, bilirubin, measurement, and bone marrow evaluation
109
What is regenerative anemia?
Increased erythrocyte production
110
True or false most animals exhibit, signs of regeneration anemia within 4 to 7 days from cause of anemia
True
111
True or false for anemia horses rarely release reticulocytes so bone marrow evaluations must be done
True
112
True or false regenerative anemia is bone marrow responding to the loss of blood
True
113
What is an adequate response to regenerative anemia?
Percentage of reticulocytes greater than or equal to the expected percentage for a corresponding PCV
114
What is non-regenerative anemia
Bone marrow is unable to respond to blood loss, reticulocytes are absent in blood
115
What are common causes for non-regenerative anemia
Iron deficiency, eichiosis, drug toxicity, histoplasmosis, hypothyroidism, renal insufficiency
116
What is normocytic anemia
Normal size RBC’s, occurs secondary to acute or chronic disorders
117
What is macrocytic anemia?
Large RBC’s, transitory increase in response to regenerative anemia
118
What is microcytic anemia?
Small RBC’s, iron deficiency, hemoglobin concentration is dependent on the iron present
119
What is hypo chromatic?
Reduce hemoglobin concentration
120
What is hypo chromatic?
Newly released polychromatic RBCs, caused by iron deficiency
121
What is normal chromatic
Normal levels of hemoglobin
122
True or false hyper chromatic is not possible as RBC’s have a fixed capacity for hemoglobin
True
123
What is hemolytic?
RBC destruction, usually regenerative
124
What is hemorrhagic
A queue or chronic blood loss, history, clinical sciences, helped determine cause, trauma, parasites, coagulopathy, neoplasia, cystitis, G.I. ulceration
125
What is iron deficiency?
Nutritional or chronic blood loss, microcytic RBC, low MCHC
126
What is production disorders?
Erythropoiesis – reduced or defective, normacytic, chronic renal disease, hyperthyroidism, hypoaDrenacortacism, bracken fern poisoning, iron, or copper deficiency, parvo virus, lead toxicity
127
What are morphologic changes?
Morphologic features of cells must be evaluated when performing the differential, the presence of any abnormal cells or toxic changes should be semi quantified
128
How do you quantify morphologic changes?
A scale of 1+ – 4+, one plus equals 5 to 10%, 2+ equals 10 to 25%, 3+ equals 50%, 4+ equals more than 75%
129
What is the second way to quantify morphologic changes?
Slight moderate and marked, slight equals 10%, moderate equals 25%, marked equals 50%
130
What is pellet huet anomaly
Nuclear hyposegmentation, congenital defect
131
What is toxic change?
Cytoplasmic basophilia, döhle baddies, toxic granulation, giantism, common disease, induce cytoplasm changes in neutrophils, associated with inflammation, infection, drug toxicity
132
What are atypical lymphocytes?
Have basophilic cytoplasm and cleaved nuclei
133
What are reactive lymphocytes?
Increase basophilic cytoplasm, more abundant cytoplasm, sometimes a large voluted nuclei, usually caused by antigenic stimulation
134
What is another name for reactive lymphocytes
Immunocytes
135
What is lysosomal storage disorders?
Rare inherited diseases, of substance abnormally, stored in cells, the substance may be seen in leukocytes(usually seen in monocytes lymphocytes or neutrophils)
136
What are clinical signs for lysosomal storage disorders?
Clinical signs vary, most skeletal or neurologic disease
137
What can you see with lysosomal storage disorders?
Lymphocytes may be vacuolated, or they may contain granules; neutrophils may also contain granules
138
What is Burman cat neutrophil granulation anomaly?
Neutrophils contain fine, eosinophilic to magenta granules, inherited autosomal – recessive trait
139
Is neutrophil function, normal and cats are healthy with birman , cat neutrophil granulation anomaly
Yes
140
What is chédiak-higashi syndrome
Neutrophils have large, fuse slices with the cytoplasm
141
What do chédiak-higashi syndrome cell stain
Lightly pink to eosinophilic
142
How many neutrophils are affected with chédiak-higashi syndrome
One in three or four
143
True or false animals with chédiak-higashi syndrome may bleed due to abnormal platelet function
True
144
Who is prone to chédiak-higashi syndrome?
Persian, cats, cattle, foxes, and others
145
True or false with chédiak-higashi syndrome there is normal neutrophil function, and animals appear healthy
True
146
What are siderotic granules?
Present in neutrophils and monocytes of animals with hemolytic anemia
147
How do siderotic granules appear?
As Döhle bodies
148
How do you tell the difference between siderotic granules and döhle bodies
Prussian blue stain
149
Can siderotic granules occur in RBC’s
Yes, called siderocytes
150
What are smudge cells also known as as?
Basket cells
151
What are smudge cells?
Degenerative leukocytes that have ruptured
152
What is karyolysis
Degenerative change to the nucleus by dissolution of the nuclear membrane(septic exudates)
153
What is pyknosis
Condensing of the nucleus as the cell dies
154
What is karyorrhexis
Fragmentation of the nucleus after cell death
155
What is rouleaux
Stacking of erythrocytes
156
Who is rouleaux normal in?
Horses and maybe present in cats and pigs
157
What is rouleaux an artifact of
Prolonged storage
158
What is auto agglutination?
Occurs in immune, mediated disorders, cells with antibodies, resulting in bridges and clumps
159
How do you differentiate auto agglutination from rouleaux
A drop of saline, rouleaux will disperse in sailing
160
What is anisocytosis?
Variation in RBC size; macrocytes, microcytes, or both
161
What is polychromasia?
RBCs with a bluish tint; presence of organelles within the cytoplasm, young cells
162
What is hypochromasia?
RBC’s with decreased color, insufficient, hemoglobin, very pale central region, iron deficiency
163
What is hyperchromatophilic
Darkly stain, RBCs, gives the appearance of too much hemoglobin, but a cell has a fixed capacity for hemoglobin so oversaturation cannot occur
164
What are hyperchromatophilic typically
Microcytes or spherocyte
165
What are poikilocytes
Abnormally shaped, not helpful and diagnosis, use only why morphologic abnormalities cannot be more specific
166
What is a schistocyte
RBC fragments, trauma due to intravascular shearing, DIC
167
What does DIC stand for?
Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
168
What are acanthocytes sites?
Spur cells, irregular, and speculated
Cats – hepatic lipidosis
Dogs – hemangiosarcoma
169
What are echinocytes?
Burr cell
Spiculated- crenation
Artifactual – slowly drying
Dogs – renal failure, lymphocarcoma, snake bites
170
What are drepanocytes
Sickle cells – deer and Angora goats
171
What are keratocytes
Helmet cells, blister cells, or bite cells
Hemangiosarcoma, neoplasia, glomerulonephritis, hepatic disease diseases
172
What are spherocyte?
Small, dark staining RBC’s with reduced or no central pallor, hard to detect in species, other than dog, immune, mediated, hemolytic, anemia, following transfusions
173
What is a leptocyte
Target sells, codocytes
Anemia, liver disease, diseases, inherited disorders
174
What are stomatocytes
Folded cells, slit, pale region, artifacts
175
What are knizocytes
Barr cells
176
What are elliptocytes
Normal in Camelid’s in non-mammals, in other species – lymphoblastic leukemia, hepatic, lipidosis, prosystemic shunt, glomerulonephritis
177
What are eccentrocytes
Diabetic, ketoacidosis, neoplasia, babesia canis , ingestion of garlic, onions, acetaminophen, hemoglobin pushed to one side
178
What are dacryocytes
Teardrop shaped, myelofibrosis and myeloproliferative diseases
179
What is basophilic stippling
Presence of small, dark blue bodies, residual, RNA, immature RBCs of ruminant, cats responding to anemia, lead poisoning
180
What are Howell – jolly bodies
Basophilic nuclear remnants in young RBC, in response to anemia, remove one pass through the spleen, increases equals spleen disorders
181
What are Heinz bodies?
Round blue structures – denatured hemoglobin, accident, drugs, and chemicals, normal and cats in 5% of RBC’s, but increased amounts, indicate lymphosarcoma, hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus
182
What are nucleated erythrocytes?
Immature cells during anemia, normal in non-mammals
183
What is mycoplasma haemofelis
Hemobartonellosis or a feline infectious anemia, small, cocci, rod shaped or ring like and dark
184
What does erlichia attack?
Monocytes and neutrophils
185
What is anaplasma
Small, dark stained cocci at margin of RBC
186
What species is eperythrozoa
Swine, cattle, llamas
187
What species is cytauxzoon
Feline
188
What species is babesia
Cattle, horses, dogs
189
What species is babesia
Cattle, horses, dogs
