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Clin Tech > Chemical Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemical Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are common types of analyzer?

A

Spectrophotometers, electrochemistry, ion-selective electrode technology

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2
Q

What does ISE stand for?

A

Ion selective electrode technology

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3
Q

What is beers law?

A

A direct linear relationship between the concentration of a solution and light absorption when monochromatic light is passed through a sample, the degree of color change is proportional to the solutions concentration, transmission of monochromatic light through a sample in the concentration of an analyte in the sample have an inverse exponential relationship

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4
Q

What do spectrophotometers Measure

A

The amount of light transmitted to a solution

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5
Q

What does a colorimeter measure?

A

Photometer that uses a filter to select the wavelength of light from the substance to test

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6
Q

What is a reflectometer?

A

Photometer that detects light that is reflected off a test substance

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7
Q

What happens in an electrochemistry analyzer?

A

Sample reacts with regions and creates a current that is measured to determine the ion concentration in the sample

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8
Q

When is an electro chemistry analyzer most often used

A

For evaluation of electrolytes and other ionic components

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9
Q

What is another name for ion selective electrode?

A

Potentiometer

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10
Q

What is an ISC and what is the most used for?

A

Electro to evaluate specific ion, most often used for evaluation of electrolytes and other ionic components

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11
Q

What is an endpoint?

A

The reaction between the sample and reagent reaches a stable and point

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12
Q

What is the difference between an endpoint and a kinetic assay?

A

Kinetic essay does not reach a stable and point

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13
Q

What does BUN show?

A

Kidneys, ability to remove nitrogenous waste from blood

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14
Q

What is an increase in BUN and creatine?

A

Azotemia

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15
Q

High protein, diet, and exercise may cause

A

Increase BUN levels due to increase amino acid breakdown

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16
Q

True or false any condition that alters the GFR will alter creatine level

A

True

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17
Q

Do high protein diets affect creatine

A

No

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18
Q

Does homolysis affect creatine

A

No

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19
Q

When do uric acid concentrations increase?

A

When 70% of renal function is compromised

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20
Q

What is the primary source of excretion and dogs and cats for phosphorous?

A

Kidneys

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21
Q

When will you see an increase in potassium?

A

Decreased urine production

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22
Q

What is increased urine production?

A

Polyuria

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23
Q

When will you see a decreased potassium level?

A

Increase urine production

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24
Q

What is the word for increased calcium and decreased calcium?

A

Hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia

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25
Q

When will you see hypocalcemia?

A

Chronic renal failure

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26
Q

When will you see hypercalcemia?

A

Horses with renal failure

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27
Q

True or false severe kidney failure can lead to protein loss, what has to do with this

A

True,albumin

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28
Q

What does SDMA stand for?

A

Symmetric dimethylarginine

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29
Q

What is the bio marker for kidney function?

A

SDMA

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30
Q

Where is SDMA secreted

A

Kidneys

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31
Q

What does GFR stand for?

A

Glomerular filtration rate

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32
Q

What miraculously reflects GFR

A

SDMA

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33
Q

When does SDMA increase?

A

25% loss of kidney function

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34
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A

Metabolism, synthesis, digestion, and absorption, secretion, elimination, storage

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35
Q

What is the primary function of a gallbladder?

A

Store bile

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36
Q

What are signs of malfunction of the liver

A

Jaundice, hypoalbuminemia, problems with hemostasis, hypoglycemia, hyperlipoproteinemia, hepatoencephalopathy

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37
Q

Where are enzymes found?

A

Within the cytoplasm, and surface of cell membrane

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38
Q

True or false enzyme levels in the blood will increase when cells are damaged

A

True

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39
Q

What causes jaundice?

A

Bilirubin

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40
Q

What is bilirubin

A

A metal light of the heme portion of hemoglobin

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41
Q

What are the three types of bilirubin

A

Conjugated/direct, unconjugated/indirect and Delta

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42
Q

What is the difference between conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin

A

Conjugated has been conjugated by the hepatocytes unconjugated has not been fully processed by the liver and cannot be excreted

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43
Q

Increases in unconjugated bilirubin indicates what

A

Hepatic damage

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44
Q

What is the equation for total Bilirubin

A

Total bilirubin - direct bilirubin = indirect bilirubin

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45
Q

True or false hemolysis can produce decreased bilirubin levels, depending on type of testing being performed

A

True

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46
Q

True or false with bilirubin testing, you should avoid lypemic samples

A

True

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47
Q

True or false bilirubin is very light sensitive and unconjugated is more light sensitive than conjugated

A

True

48
Q

What does bio acid testing test for?

A

Hepatocellular function

49
Q

How do you perform a bile acid test?

A

Collect fasting blood sample, feed patient, collect second blood sample two hours postprandial

50
Q

What does postprandial mean?

A

After a meal

51
Q

What can increase bile acids mean?

A

Protosystemic shunt, chronic hepatitis, hepatic cirrhosis, cholestasis, neoplasms

52
Q

Decreased bile acids can be seen with

A

Male absorptive disease diseases

53
Q

What are the cytosolic enzyme?

A

ALT, AST, SD, GLDH

54
Q

What is ALT a major source of?

A

Parasites and dogs, cats and primates

55
Q

Where is AST found?

A

Hepatocytes and muscle

56
Q

What does CK stand for?

A

Creatine kinase

57
Q

What does ALT stand for?

A

Alanine aminotrandferase

58
Q

What does AST stand for?

A

Aspartate aminotransferase

59
Q

What does SD stand for?

A

Sorbitol dehydrogenase

60
Q

What does GLDH stand for?

A

Glutamate dehydrogenase

61
Q

What are inducible enzyme?

A

ALKP/ALP, GGT

62
Q

What does ALKP/AP stand for

A

Alkaline phosphatase

63
Q

Is the half-life of ALP longer or shorter than cats than dogs?

A

Shorter

64
Q

What does GGT stand for?

A

Gamma glutamyltransferase

65
Q

When does albumin become measurable?

A

Greater than 80% of the liver is nonfunctional

66
Q

A a combined decrease in these four is a strong indication of decreased functional hepatocellular mass

A

Albumin, urea, glucose, cholesterol

67
Q

True or false NSAID can increase cholesterol values

A

True

68
Q

What is the word for elevated blood levels of sodium?

A

Hypernatremia

69
Q

What is the word for decrease blood levels of sodium?

A

Hyponatremia

70
Q

What is the sample of choice for chloride?

A

Serum

71
Q

What is increased chloride level?

A

Hyperchloremia

72
Q

What is decreased chloride level?

A

Hypochloremia

73
Q

What can hyperkalemia cause?

A

Life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias

74
Q

What is an increase in magnesium?

A

Hypermagnesemia

75
Q

What is decreased magnesium?

A

Hypomagnesemia

76
Q

What is the second most common anime of the plasma?

A

Bicarbonate

77
Q

What organ is both an exocrine and endocrine gland?

A

Pancreas

78
Q

What does the pancreas secrete?

A

Tripsin, amalyse, lipase

79
Q

What does the endocrine pancreas secrete?

A

Insulin and glucagon

80
Q

When do increased amalyse levels show up?

A

Acute pancreatitis, flareups of chronic pancreatitis, obstruction of pancreatic ducts, azotemia, and intestinal obstructions

81
Q

True or false you should look at amylase and lipase together to evaluate the pancreas

A

True

82
Q

What is the function of lipase

A

Breakdown long chain fatty acids of lipids

83
Q

What does PLI stand for?

A

Pancreatic lipase immuno reactivity test

84
Q

Is there a PLI test for dogs and cats?

A

Yes

85
Q

True or false feline PLI test is both highly sensitive and specific

A

True

86
Q

What is exocrine pancreatic insufficiency?

A

A disease of dogs, that lack enzymes necessary to digest fat

87
Q

Is the absence of trypsin normal

A

Yes

88
Q

If you mix feces with a gelatin solution, if the trypsin is present the test

A

Does not become a gel

89
Q

Total protein concentrations can be affected by

A

Altered hepatic synthesis, altered protein, distribution, altered, protein, breakdown, or excretion, dehydration, or overhydration

90
Q

What are the methods for determining total protein level levels?

A

Refractometer, biuret method, electrophoresis

91
Q

What is edema?

A

Abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid

92
Q

What does decreasing globulin in albuterol signify?

A

Protein losing enteropathy/PLE

93
Q

What does decreasing globulin signify?

A

Protein, losing nephropathy/PLN

94
Q

Albumin makes up how much of total plasma protein

A

35 to 50%

95
Q

What are alpha globulins?

A

Primarily transport and bind proteins

96
Q

What does HDL stand for and what is it tied to?

A

High density Lipo proteins, alpha globulins

97
Q

What does VLDL stand for and what is it tied to?

A

Very low density Lipo proteins, alpha globulins

98
Q

What are beta globulins?

A

Iron transport, heme binding, fibrin formation and lysis

99
Q

What does beta globulin include?

A

Complement(C3, C4) transferrin, ferritin

100
Q

What are the identified immunoglobulins?

A

IGG, IGE, IGA, IGD, IGM

101
Q

What is IGG common with?

A

Viral, bacterial and tax and antibodies

102
Q

What is IGE involved with?

A

Allergic and anaphylactic reactions

103
Q

What is IGA related to?

A

Found in secretions of genitourinary, respiratory, and G.I. Tract

104
Q

How do you measure globulins

A

Electrophoresis– send out, total serum protein, concentration minus albumin concentration equals total serum, globulin concentration – in-house

105
Q

Who is AG ratio is normal greater than 1.00

A

Dogs, horses, sheep, goats

106
Q

Who is AG ratio is normal less than 1.00

A

Cats cattle pigs

107
Q

What is the normal total protein?

A

5.2 to 8.2

108
Q

What is increase in albumin?

A

Hyperalbuminemia

109
Q

What is decreased albumin?

A

Hypoalbuminemia

110
Q

What is increased protein?

A

Hyperproteinemia

111
Q

What is decreased protein?

A

Hypoproteinemia

112
Q

Is hypoglycemia common in young animals

A

Yes, normal

113
Q

What does increase globulin mean?

A

Dehydration

114
Q

What is protein losing enteropathy?

A

Characterized by protein loss into the G.I. tract and extracted in feces

115
Q

What are causes of protein, losing enteropathy?

A

Lymphosarcoma, enteritis, interception, G.I., parasites, food, allergies

Clin Tech (13 decks)

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