urinalysis

Question 1

what type of tube should be used for urinalysis collection

Answer 1

tiger top

Question 2

how long can urine be in a tube without refrigeration

Answer 2

72 hours

Question 3

what type of urine is the best to use for a urinalysis

Answer 3

fresh morning urine (<4 hours old)

Question 4

what is the best collection choice when trying to localize a source of hematuria, pyuria or bacteriuria

Answer 4

cystocentesis

Question 5

which form of collection is not acceptable for culture

Answer 5

free catch

Question 6

what is increased volume, non-pathologic

Answer 6

diuresis

Question 7

what is the increased volume, pathologic

Answer 7

polyuria

Question 8

what is the decreased volume

Answer 8

oliguria

Question 9

what is minimal volume <2 ml/kg/day

Answer 9

anuria

Question 10

what is increased frequency

Answer 10

pollakiuria

Question 11

in what species is it normal to see yellow/ yellow-brown/ orange urine with a high USG

Answer 11

dogs
cattle

Question 12

what type of animals naturally have a high urine turbidity

Answer 12

herbivores

Question 13

what are some pathological findings with increased turbidity

Answer 13

increased cells
numerous crystals
bacteria

Question 14

what type of disease will often create a sweet smelling urine

Answer 14

ketonuria

Question 15

what type of urine will often create a garlic smelling urine

Answer 15

DMSO, antibiotics

Question 16

true or false:

a dipstick is the quickest and most reliable way to measure USG

Answer 16

false
unreliable and should not be used

Question 17

what does dilute urine cause to interfere with the accuracy of a USG

Answer 17

osmotic induced lysis of cells

Question 18

in what types of animals is an alkaline urine normally seen

Answer 18

herbivores

Question 19

if an alkaline urine is seen with a cat or dog, what should be on your differentials list

Answer 19

urinary tract infection
respiratory alkalosis
chronic vomition

Question 20

what is the main protein detected by a dipstick

Answer 20

albumin

Question 21

true or false:
if there is a +1 on a dipstick for protein, it is most likely a false positive

Answer 21

true

Question 22

when would a +1 protein be clinically relevant

Answer 22

dilute urine

Question 23

what pre-renal disorders can cause proteinurias

Answer 23

hemoglobinuria
myoglobinuria
bence jones

Question 24

what renal glomerular disorders can cause proteinurias

Answer 24

glomerulonephritis
glomerular amyloidosis
protein-losing nephropathy and renal failure

Question 25

what renal tubular disorders can cause proteinuria

Answer 25

acute tubular toxicity congenital disorders

Question 26

what can hemoprotein on the dipstick signify

Answer 26

hemoglobin myoglobin

Question 27

what are the characteristics to determine if it is hematuria

Answer 27

RBC present on urine sediment Red ppt after centrifugation

Question 28

what can cause myoglobinuria

Answer 28

myocyte damage

Question 29

what are the characteristics of myoglobinuria

Answer 29

+/- RBC on urine sediment red supernatant

Question 30

what is the mechanism of hemoglobinuria

Answer 30

free Hb filtered into urine due to hemoglobinemia

Question 31

what are the characteristics of hemoglobinuria

Answer 31

no RBC on urine sediment red supernatant

Question 32

in what case would you expect to see glucosuria

Answer 32

hyperglycemia

Question 33

true or false: there is a normal low presence of glucose in the urine

Answer 33

false any amount is abnormal

Question 34

describe renal glucosuria

Answer 34

normoglycemia -- still traces in the urine due to damaged tubules

Question 35

true or false: puppies <8 weeks old can have mild glucosuria due to tubule immaturity

Answer 35

true

Question 36

what test should be used in cats to diagnose a glucosuria/hyperglycemia

Answer 36

serum fructosamine

Question 37

in a cat, what might give a false positive of glucosuria

Answer 37

FLUTD (urethral obstruction)

Question 38

what is often present in the urine in a negative energy balance

Answer 38

ketones

Question 39

what will the dipstick detect when it comes to ketones

Answer 39

acetoacetate

Question 40

in what species is a special ketone test needed for beta-hydroxybutyrate

Answer 40

ruminants

Question 41

if you detect a ketonuria, what should be on your diagnosis list

Answer 41

ketoacidotic diabetes mellitus bovine ketosis

Question 42

what drug can cause a transient ketonuria

Answer 42

enrofloxacin

Question 43

what does the dipstick detect when it comes to bilirubinuria

Answer 43

conjugated bilirubin

Question 44

what can obscure the results of the bilrubin reading on the dipstick?

Answer 44

urine color

Question 45

what is a common bilirubin dipstick reading in a dog

Answer 45

1-2+

Question 46

true or false: if there is bilirubinuria in any species besides dogs, it indicates cholestasis or hemolytic anemia

Answer 46

true

Question 47

in what species is a positive bilirubinuria highly significant due to their natural renal threshold

Answer 47

cats