urinalysis Flashcards
what type of tube should be used for urinalysis collection
tiger top
how long can urine be in a tube without refrigeration
72 hours
what type of urine is the best to use for a urinalysis
fresh morning urine (<4 hours old)
what is the best collection choice when trying to localize a source of hematuria, pyuria or bacteriuria
cystocentesis
which form of collection is not acceptable for culture
free catch
what is increased volume, non-pathologic
diuresis
what is the increased volume, pathologic
polyuria
what is the decreased volume
oliguria
what is minimal volume <2 ml/kg/day
anuria
what is increased frequency
pollakiuria
in what species is it normal to see yellow/ yellow-brown/ orange urine with a high USG
dogs
cattle
what type of animals naturally have a high urine turbidity
herbivores
what are some pathological findings with increased turbidity
increased cells
numerous crystals
bacteria
what type of disease will often create a sweet smelling urine
ketonuria
what type of urine will often create a garlic smelling urine
DMSO, antibiotics
true or false:
a dipstick is the quickest and most reliable way to measure USG
false
unreliable and should not be used
what does dilute urine cause to interfere with the accuracy of a USG
osmotic induced lysis of cells
in what types of animals is an alkaline urine normally seen
herbivores
if an alkaline urine is seen with a cat or dog, what should be on your differentials list
urinary tract infection
respiratory alkalosis
chronic vomition
what is the main protein detected by a dipstick
albumin
true or false:
if there is a +1 on a dipstick for protein, it is most likely a false positive
true
when would a +1 protein be clinically relevant
dilute urine
what pre-renal disorders can cause proteinurias
hemoglobinuria
myoglobinuria
bence jones
what renal glomerular disorders can cause proteinurias
glomerulonephritis
glomerular amyloidosis
protein-losing nephropathy and renal failure
what renal tubular disorders can cause proteinuria
acute tubular toxicity
congenital disorders
what can hemoprotein on the dipstick signify
hemoglobin
myoglobin
what are the characteristics to determine if it is hematuria
RBC present on urine sediment
Red ppt after centrifugation
what can cause myoglobinuria
myocyte damage
what are the characteristics of myoglobinuria
+/- RBC on urine sediment
red supernatant
what is the mechanism of hemoglobinuria
free Hb filtered into urine due to hemoglobinemia
what are the characteristics of hemoglobinuria
no RBC on urine sediment
red supernatant
in what case would you expect to see glucosuria
hyperglycemia
true or false:
there is a normal low presence of glucose in the urine
false
any amount is abnormal
describe renal glucosuria
normoglycemia – still traces in the urine
due to damaged tubules
true or false:
puppies <8 weeks old can have mild glucosuria due to tubule immaturity
true
what test should be used in cats to diagnose a glucosuria/hyperglycemia
serum fructosamine
in a cat, what might give a false positive of glucosuria
FLUTD (urethral obstruction)
what is often present in the urine in a negative energy balance
ketones
what will the dipstick detect when it comes to ketones
acetoacetate
in what species is a special ketone test needed for beta-hydroxybutyrate
ruminants
if you detect a ketonuria, what should be on your diagnosis list
ketoacidotic diabetes mellitus
bovine ketosis
what drug can cause a transient ketonuria
enrofloxacin
what does the dipstick detect when it comes to bilirubinuria
conjugated bilirubin
what can obscure the results of the bilrubin reading on the dipstick?
urine color
what is a common bilirubin dipstick reading in a dog
1-2+
true or false:
if there is bilirubinuria in any species besides dogs, it indicates cholestasis or hemolytic anemia
true
in what species is a positive bilirubinuria highly significant due to their natural renal threshold
cats
