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Clinical Pathology > urinalysis > Flashcards

urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

what type of tube should be used for urinalysis collection

A

tiger top

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2
Q

how long can urine be in a tube without refrigeration

A

72 hours

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3
Q

what type of urine is the best to use for a urinalysis

A

fresh morning urine (<4 hours old)

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4
Q

what is the best collection choice when trying to localize a source of hematuria, pyuria or bacteriuria

A

cystocentesis

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5
Q

which form of collection is not acceptable for culture

A

free catch

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6
Q

what is increased volume, non-pathologic

A

diuresis

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7
Q

what is the increased volume, pathologic

A

polyuria

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8
Q

what is the decreased volume

A

oliguria

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9
Q

what is minimal volume <2 ml/kg/day

A

anuria

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10
Q

what is increased frequency

A

pollakiuria

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11
Q

in what species is it normal to see yellow/ yellow-brown/ orange urine with a high USG

A

dogs
cattle

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12
Q

what type of animals naturally have a high urine turbidity

A

herbivores

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13
Q

what are some pathological findings with increased turbidity

A

increased cells
numerous crystals
bacteria

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14
Q

what type of disease will often create a sweet smelling urine

A

ketonuria

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15
Q

what type of urine will often create a garlic smelling urine

A

DMSO, antibiotics

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16
Q

true or false:

a dipstick is the quickest and most reliable way to measure USG

A

false
unreliable and should not be used

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17
Q

what does dilute urine cause to interfere with the accuracy of a USG

A

osmotic induced lysis of cells

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18
Q

in what types of animals is an alkaline urine normally seen

A

herbivores

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19
Q

if an alkaline urine is seen with a cat or dog, what should be on your differentials list

A

urinary tract infection
respiratory alkalosis
chronic vomition

20
Q

what is the main protein detected by a dipstick

A

albumin

21
Q

true or false:
if there is a +1 on a dipstick for protein, it is most likely a false positive

A

true

22
Q

when would a +1 protein be clinically relevant

A

dilute urine

23
Q

what pre-renal disorders can cause proteinurias

A

hemoglobinuria
myoglobinuria
bence jones

24
Q

what renal glomerular disorders can cause proteinurias

A

glomerulonephritis
glomerular amyloidosis
protein-losing nephropathy and renal failure

25
Q

what renal tubular disorders can cause proteinuria

A

acute tubular toxicity
congenital disorders

26
Q

what can hemoprotein on the dipstick signify

A

hemoglobin
myoglobin

27
Q

what are the characteristics to determine if it is hematuria

A

RBC present on urine sediment
Red ppt after centrifugation

28
Q

what can cause myoglobinuria

A

myocyte damage

29
Q

what are the characteristics of myoglobinuria

A

+/- RBC on urine sediment
red supernatant

30
Q

what is the mechanism of hemoglobinuria

A

free Hb filtered into urine due to hemoglobinemia

31
Q

what are the characteristics of hemoglobinuria

A

no RBC on urine sediment
red supernatant

32
Q

in what case would you expect to see glucosuria

A

hyperglycemia

33
Q

true or false:
there is a normal low presence of glucose in the urine

A

false
any amount is abnormal

34
Q

describe renal glucosuria

A

normoglycemia – still traces in the urine
due to damaged tubules

35
Q

true or false:
puppies <8 weeks old can have mild glucosuria due to tubule immaturity

A

true

36
Q

what test should be used in cats to diagnose a glucosuria/hyperglycemia

A

serum fructosamine

37
Q

in a cat, what might give a false positive of glucosuria

A

FLUTD (urethral obstruction)

38
Q

what is often present in the urine in a negative energy balance

A

ketones

39
Q

what will the dipstick detect when it comes to ketones

A

acetoacetate

40
Q

in what species is a special ketone test needed for beta-hydroxybutyrate

A

ruminants

41
Q

if you detect a ketonuria, what should be on your diagnosis list

A

ketoacidotic diabetes mellitus
bovine ketosis

42
Q

what drug can cause a transient ketonuria

A

enrofloxacin

43
Q

what does the dipstick detect when it comes to bilirubinuria

A

conjugated bilirubin

44
Q

what can obscure the results of the bilrubin reading on the dipstick?

A

urine color

45
Q

what is a common bilirubin dipstick reading in a dog

A

1-2+

46
Q

true or false:

if there is bilirubinuria in any species besides dogs, it indicates cholestasis or hemolytic anemia

A

true

47
Q

in what species is a positive bilirubinuria highly significant due to their natural renal threshold

A

cats

Clinical Pathology (16 decks)

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