NonRegenerative v Regenerative Anemia Flashcards
what are the common causes of a regenerative anemia
blood loss
hemolysis
what are the general causes of a nonregenerative anemia
reduced erythropoiesis
ineffective erythropoiesis
what is the main cause of decreased production of erythropoiesis
renal failure and inflammation
if there is anemia due to inflammation, other than the typical indices used to determine anemia, what else might you see an increase in
total protein
WBC
true or false:
inflammation is an anemia of chronic disease
true
what is the pathogenesis of an anemia due to inflammation (3 steps)
1) shortened RBC life span
2) cytokines cause erythoid cells to be less responsive to EPO (decreasing RBC production)
3) cytokines cause a shift of Fe to storage (increase in ferritin)
where will there be an increase in Fe due to cytokines
liver
spleen
bone marrow
what is the most common anemia in domestic mammals
inflammation
what type of anemia does inflammation cause
non-regenerative
what is the pathogenesis of renal disease anemia (3 steps)
1) decrease EPO production due to damage
2) decrease clearing of metabolic wastes from plasma
3) inflammation or GI hemorrhage possible
what disease is commonly associated with anemia of renal damage
chronic renal failure / insufficiency
overall, what is the main cause / driving factor behind nonregenerative anemias
decreased erythropoiesis
what are some causes of anemia of erythroid hypoplasia
damage to erythoid precursors
damage to bone marrow
persistent decrease in EPO stimulus
persistent inhibition of erythropoiesis by cytokines
what can cause persistent decrease in EPO stimulus
decreased thyroid hormone
how can one confirm an erythroid hypoplasia
bone marrow aspirate or biopsy
what can cause an anemia of ineffective erythropoiesis
damage to erythroid precursors leading to incomplete or defective maturation of erythroid cells
what are the characteristics often seen with a nonregenerative anemia due to inflammatory disease
mild to moderate anemia
inflammatory leukogram or hyperproteinemia
history & physical exam
what are the characteristics of an anemia due to renal disease
mild to moderate anemia (Hct > 1/2 lower ref limit)
renal failure
azotemia & isosthenuria
with what nonregenerative anemia is neutropenia and/or thrombocytopenia often seen
disease causing marrow hypoplasia or aplasia
what are the 3 most common causes of blood loss
hemorrhage
parasitism
removal for blood for transfusion
explain the pathogenesis of acute blood loss
1) sudden loss of blood causes hypovolemia
2) body recognizes and tries to compensate
3) shift of ECF into vessels to fix hypovolemia by adding more fluid to vessels
4) dilution of erythrocytes and proteins occurs because of the added volume
true or false:
Hct will not change in the case of an acute blood loss anemia
true
in what animals would we also expect to see splenic contraction during an acute blood loss anemia
dogs and horses
this will increase the amount of damage RBCs present in a cytology because the spleen will not be doing as much damage control
what are some of the causes of chronic blood loss anemia
parasites
GI neoplasm
fleas
ticks
what other kind of anemia is always present in the case of a chronic blood loss anemia
Fe deficiency anemia
what is the pathogenesis of chronic blood loss anemia
1) infection of parasites or something to cause chronic blood loss for weeks / months
2) depletion of Fe stores - leading to erythroid precusors less responsive to EPO
3) defective Hbg synthesis due to depletion – decreased MCHC
4) increase in mitoses of erythroid precursors – decreased MCV
what is the morphology of the cells in the chronic blood loss anemia cases
microcytic hypochromic / microcytic normochromic
due to the Fe deficiency
what is the pathogenesis of extravascular hemolytic anemia
1) initial event of immune / metabolic / traumatic / oxidative
2) macrophages recognize damage to RBCs
3) degradation of RBCs leads to degrade of Hgb
what clinical signs are commonly seen with extravascular anemia
icterus & bilirubinuria
what is the pathogenesis of intravascular hemolytic anemia
1) intiating event of immune, mediated , oxidative
2) marked damage to RBC
3) erythrocyte is lysed within blood vessel
what are the common clinical signs seen with intravascular hemolytic anemia
hemoglobinemia
hemoglobinuria
