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Clinical Pathology > RBC Morphology > Flashcards

RBC Morphology Flashcards

1
Q

what morphology of RBCs looks like a ‘roll of coins’

A

rouleau

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2
Q

what is the significance of seeing rouleau formation

A

seen with hyperglobulinemia and/ or hyperfibrinogenemia

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3
Q

in what species is rouleau formation typically seen

A

horses

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4
Q

what are the main causes of rouleau formation

A

inflammation
dehydration

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5
Q

what is another name for normocytes

A

discocytes

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6
Q

true or false:
discocytes are normal cells

A

true

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7
Q

what are nucleated RBCs

A

rubricytes

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8
Q

what is the reason for seeing rubricytosis

A

early or inappropriate release from hemic tissue

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9
Q

in which type of anemia is it appropriate to see rubricytosis

A

regenerative – hypoxia and blood loss stimulate EPO

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10
Q

in which type of anemia is rubricytosis inappropriate to see

A

non-regenerative or an animal without anemia

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11
Q

if a dog is not anemic but there are rubricytes on cytology, what should be on your rule-out lists

A

marrow damage
lead poisoning
extramedullary hematopoiesis, splenic contraction, splenectomy

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12
Q

what does an increase of EPO lead to

A

appropriate release of nucleated RBC / rubricytes

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13
Q

in what species is central pallor of RBCs often commonly seen

A

dogs

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14
Q

in what cases would you expect to see increased palor in a dog’s RBCs

A

hypochromasia / decreased MCHC

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15
Q

what cell type will appear with no central pallor on a dog cytology

A

spherocytes

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16
Q

what are the classic signs for hypochromic erythrocytes

A

Fe deficiency
low MCV
low MCHC
low MCH

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17
Q

what cause the formation of hypochromic erythrocytes

A

defective Hgb synthesis

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18
Q

when is it common to see polychromatophilic erythrocytes

A

regenerative anemias due to accelerated erythropoiesis

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19
Q

what type of cell forms due to incomplete maturation or skipped cell division

A

macrocyte

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20
Q

what is the significance of macrocytosis

A

increased erythropoiesis leading to release of larger immature cells

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21
Q

what dog breed tends to have macrocytosis as a commonality in the presence of anemia

A

poodles
poodle dyscrasia

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22
Q

what cell formation is commonly seen because of increased cell divisions during developement

A

microcytes

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23
Q

what is the significance of seeing microcytes (causes)

A

Fe deficiency / blood loss
hepatic insufficiency (portosystemic shunts)
breed variations

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24
Q

what is the name for cells that are variable and irregular in shape

A

poikilocytes

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25
Q

what cell type has regularly spaced membrane projections and often called a burr cell or crenated erythrocyte

A

echinocyte

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26
Q

what can cause the formation of an echinocyte

A

membrane changes due to pH changes

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27
Q

how could an echinocyte form on a slide

A

drying artifact

28
Q

which cell type has 1-20 irregularly spaced membrane projections with the main core of the cell still in a spheriod formation

A

acanthocyte

29
Q

what is the significance of having acanthocytes on a cytology

A

canine hemangiosarcoma
hepatic & renal disorders
abnormal lipid content

30
Q

how do acanthocytes form

A

RBC trauma or excess membrane lipid

31
Q

what type of cell has central pallor focus of Hgb surrounded by a ring of pallor creating a hat-like effect

A

codocyte

32
Q

how do codocytes form

A

excess membrane relative to amount of Hgb

33
Q

what is the significance of codocytosis

A

regenerative anemias with Fe deficiency and liver diseases

34
Q

if there is a widespread presence of codocytosis, what is often times the issue

A

liver disease

35
Q

which cell type is spheroid, round and globoid in shape

A

spherocyte

36
Q

which cell type is spheroid, round and globoid in shape

A

spherocyte

37
Q

what are some defining characteristics of spheroid cells

A

decreased diameter and lacks central pallor

38
Q

how are spherocytes formed

A

removal of membrane or defective membrane

39
Q

what are some ways in which spherocytosis is triggered

A

immune-mediated
fragmentation
hereditary

40
Q

what organ is often times associated with spherocytosis

A

spleen

41
Q

what type of cell is a triangular, comma shaped or round RBC fragment

A

schizocyte

42
Q

how do schizocytes form

A

intravascular RBC trauma

43
Q

what can cause schizocytes to appear

A

microangiopathy
(intravascular coagulation / DIC or vasculitis)

44
Q

which cell type is a notched cell or cell with 1 or 2 horn-like projections

A

keratocyte

45
Q

how do keratocytes form

A

intravascular RBC trauma

46
Q

what 2 types of abnormal erythrocyte shapes can present with DIC

A

keratocytes and schizocyte

47
Q

which type of cell is acquired

A

elliptocytosis

48
Q

when is it common to see ellipotcytosis

A

myelofibrosis
Fe deficiency anemia
hepatic lipidosis

49
Q

in what type of animals is it common to see elliptocytes

A

camelids

50
Q

what type of cell forms due to oxidative damage to RBC membrane and Hgb forming a hemi-ghost cell

A

eccentrocyte

51
Q

what is the significance of eccentrocytosis

A

overwhelming exposure to oxidants

52
Q

what type of cell is spheroidal with condensed Hbg

A

pyknocyte

53
Q

why would you see a pyknocyte on a cytology

A

overwhelming exposure to oxidants

54
Q

what 2 cell types would you see with exposure to overwhelming oxidants

A

eccentrocytes and pyknocytes

55
Q

what cellular inclusion forms due to oxidation of Hbg and oxidants

A

heinz bodies

56
Q

which type of cellular inclusion is the nuclear remnant left behind after mitosis of nRBCs

A

Howell-Jolly bodies

57
Q

what is the significance of finding Howell-Jolly bodies

A

increased erythropoiesis
decreased spleen function
common in cats

58
Q

what cellular inclusion can form due to ribosomal RNA not being degraded

A

basophilic stippling

59
Q

what are 2 things can cause basophilic stippling

A

regenerative anemia
canine lead poisoning

60
Q

when is it common to find most of these cell abnormalities

A

in the presence of anemias

61
Q

true or false:
once erythroid hyperplasia establishes, degree of RBC changes will diminish

A

true

62
Q

how do you tell the difference between Howell-Jolly bodies and Anaplasma marginale

A

marginal bodies will appear in the first few days of anemia and remain in the marginal border of the cell

63
Q

what type of parasite will cause signet rings within a cell

A

cytauxzoon felis

64
Q

which erythrocyte parasite will appear as a comma in a horse cell

A

theileria

65
Q

what is the shape of theileria in cow

A

chains

66
Q

which erythrocyte parasite will grow on the cell

A

mycoplasma haemocanis

Clinical Pathology (16 decks)

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