Renal Physiology

Question 1

what does urine volume and output depend on

Answer 1

glomerular filtration
tubular secretion
tubular reabsorption

Question 2

what is filtered through the GFR

Answer 2

HCO3
Amino Acids
Creatinine

Question 3

what should always be 100% reabsorbed back into the body

Answer 3

glucose

Question 4

what can be used as a measure of the GFR due to it never being reabsorbed back into the body

Answer 4

creatinine

Question 5

what hormone causes the reabsorption of water

Answer 5

ADH

Question 6

what can the measure of creatinine give us

Answer 6

constant filtration rate

Question 7

what should never be getting filtered through the GFR

Answer 7

RBCs
Albumin

Question 8

what is secreted back into the urinary system along the descending tubule

Answer 8

urea

Question 9

what hormone drives the reabsorption of Na Cl in the collecting tubule

Answer 9

aldosterone

Question 10

what is secreted in the proximal and collecting tubules

Answer 10

H

Question 11

what is secreted in the descending loop of henle

Answer 11

urea

Question 12

what two analytes are the ‘basics/normals’ when analyzing kidney function

Answer 12

glucose
creatinine

Question 13

what can be seen in the urine in cases of DM

Answer 13

acetoacetate
B-hydroxybutyrate

Question 14

what 3 analytes might be seen in the urine in cases of RBC breakdown

Answer 14

bilirubin
hemoglobin dimers
myoglobin

Question 15

what unnatural analyte can often be seen in horse urine if their diet is rich of it

Answer 15

Calcium

Question 16

what is the concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of solute particle / kg solvent

Answer 16

osmolality

Question 17

what can osmolality be used to ‘analyze’

Answer 17

expression of renal concentration ability

Question 18

true or false:

resorption of water is dependent on osmotic gradients

Answer 18

true

Question 19

what 3 analytes are used to calculate osmolality

Answer 19

Na
glucose
urea

Question 20

what is the range for an ultrafiltrate

Answer 20

1.007-1.013

Question 21

what would a USG within the range of 1.007-1.013 indicate

Answer 21

Isosthenuria

Question 22

in what part of the tubules does an isosthenuric issue occur

Answer 22

proximal tubule

Question 23

what is the range ofr an eusthenuric dog

Answer 23

> 1.030

Question 24

what is the USG range for an eusthenuric cat

Answer 24

1.035

Question 25

what is the USG range for an eusthenuric horse or cow

Answer 25

1.025

Question 26

what is isosthenuria

Answer 26

state when urine osmolality = plasma osmolality

Question 27

what USG range can be used to determine a hyposthenuria

Answer 27

<1.007

Question 28

what can cause a hypersthenuric state

Answer 28

dehydration

Question 29

what does hypersthenuria mean

Answer 29

excessive concentration of the urine

Question 30

what can cause a hyposthenuria

Answer 30

too much water (dilution of the concentration of urine )

Question 31

what are the 6 main requirement for kidney to concentrate urine

Answer 31

functional nephrons (>33%) concentration gradient in the medullary interstitium ADH presence Epithelium response to ADH Aldosterone Atrial naturetic peptide

Question 32

what can trigger the release of ADH

Answer 32

hyperosmolality to increase the amount the H2O into circulation

Question 33

what is the body system outcome from the release of ADH

Answer 33

constrict arterioles to increase BP

Question 34

how does aldosterone become stimulated from the adrenals

Answer 34

due to the renin-angiotensin system

Question 35

what is the outcome of the release of aldosterone

Answer 35

causes increased Na/Cl resorption K excretion through distal tubules

Question 36

what are the 3 things needed to produce concentrated urine

Answer 36

ADH response to ADH concentration gradient

Question 37

what occurs when an hyposthenuric urine is produced

Answer 37

functional loop of henle (remove solutes but no water) No ADH activity

Question 38

which species naturally has the higher USG

Answer 38

cats

Question 39

what is the normal USG range for a dog

Answer 39

1.001 - 1.060

Question 40

what is the normal USG range for a cat

Answer 40

1.001-1080

Question 41

what is the normal USG range for a horse

Answer 41

1.001 - 1.055

Question 42

why is it important to recognize what is all included when using a refractometer to get a USG

Answer 42

total solutes will include proteins and glucose which can falsely increase the USG and needs correction

Question 43

true or false: a single 'low' USG may be normal if the animal is well hydrated

Answer 43

true

Question 44

what can a repeatable lowered USG possibly signal before signs of azotemia

Answer 44

early renal disease

Question 45

what analytes are increased in an azotemic state

Answer 45

urea creatinine

Question 46

in what part of the tubule tract is there damage or disfunction if the USG is increased

Answer 46

prerenal

Question 47

in what disorder does polyuria occur because there are too few functional nephrons to respond to ADH

Answer 47

chronic renal failure

Question 48

in what disorder does polyuria occur because the tubules are not responding to ADH / solute diuretic

Answer 48

post-obstructive diuresis

Question 49

in what disorder does polyuria occur because theres a solute diuresis and a possible decrease in medullary tonicity

Answer 49

diabetes mellitus

Question 50

in what disorder does polyuria occur because of decreased medullary tonicity, plasma osmolality and a decrease in release of ADH

Answer 50

psychogenic polydipsia

Question 51

in what disorder does polydipsia occur because there is a lack of medullary tonicity caused by a lack of aldosterone

Answer 51

hypoadrenocorticism (Addison's Disease)

Question 52

in what disorder does polydipsia occur because of a lack of release of ADH

Answer 52

central diabetes insipidus

Question 53

in what disorder does polydipsia occur because of an increase in cortisol which decreases the release of ADH

Answer 53

hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's)