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Clinical Pathology > Renal Physiology > Flashcards

Renal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what does urine volume and output depend on

A

glomerular filtration
tubular secretion
tubular reabsorption

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2
Q

what is filtered through the GFR

A

HCO3
Amino Acids
Creatinine

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3
Q

what should always be 100% reabsorbed back into the body

A

glucose

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4
Q

what can be used as a measure of the GFR due to it never being reabsorbed back into the body

A

creatinine

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5
Q

what hormone causes the reabsorption of water

A

ADH

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6
Q

what can the measure of creatinine give us

A

constant filtration rate

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7
Q

what should never be getting filtered through the GFR

A

RBCs
Albumin

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8
Q

what is secreted back into the urinary system along the descending tubule

A

urea

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9
Q

what hormone drives the reabsorption of Na Cl in the collecting tubule

A

aldosterone

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10
Q

what is secreted in the proximal and collecting tubules

A

H

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11
Q

what is secreted in the descending loop of henle

A

urea

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12
Q

what two analytes are the ‘basics/normals’ when analyzing kidney function

A

glucose
creatinine

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13
Q

what can be seen in the urine in cases of DM

A

acetoacetate
B-hydroxybutyrate

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14
Q

what 3 analytes might be seen in the urine in cases of RBC breakdown

A

bilirubin
hemoglobin dimers
myoglobin

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15
Q

what unnatural analyte can often be seen in horse urine if their diet is rich of it

A

Calcium

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16
Q

what is the concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of solute particle / kg solvent

A

osmolality

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17
Q

what can osmolality be used to ‘analyze’

A

expression of renal concentration ability

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18
Q

true or false:

resorption of water is dependent on osmotic gradients

A

true

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19
Q

what 3 analytes are used to calculate osmolality

A

Na
glucose
urea

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20
Q

what is the range for an ultrafiltrate

A

1.007-1.013

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21
Q

what would a USG within the range of 1.007-1.013 indicate

A

Isosthenuria

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22
Q

in what part of the tubules does an isosthenuric issue occur

A

proximal tubule

23
Q

what is the range ofr an eusthenuric dog

A

> 1.030

24
Q

what is the USG range for an eusthenuric cat

A

1.035

25
Q

what is the USG range for an eusthenuric horse or cow

A

1.025

26
Q

what is isosthenuria

A

state when urine osmolality = plasma osmolality

27
Q

what USG range can be used to determine a hyposthenuria

A

<1.007

28
Q

what can cause a hypersthenuric state

A

dehydration

29
Q

what does hypersthenuria mean

A

excessive concentration of the urine

30
Q

what can cause a hyposthenuria

A

too much water
(dilution of the concentration of urine )

31
Q

what are the 6 main requirement for kidney to concentrate urine

A

functional nephrons (>33%)
concentration gradient in the medullary interstitium
ADH presence
Epithelium response to ADH
Aldosterone
Atrial naturetic peptide

32
Q

what can trigger the release of ADH

A

hyperosmolality to increase the amount the H2O into circulation

33
Q

what is the body system outcome from the release of ADH

A

constrict arterioles to increase BP

34
Q

how does aldosterone become stimulated from the adrenals

A

due to the renin-angiotensin system

35
Q

what is the outcome of the release of aldosterone

A

causes increased Na/Cl resorption
K excretion through distal tubules

36
Q

what are the 3 things needed to produce concentrated urine

A

ADH
response to ADH
concentration gradient

37
Q

what occurs when an hyposthenuric urine is produced

A

functional loop of henle (remove solutes but no water)
No ADH activity

38
Q

which species naturally has the higher USG

A

cats

39
Q

what is the normal USG range for a dog

A

1.001 - 1.060

40
Q

what is the normal USG range for a cat

A

1.001-1080

41
Q

what is the normal USG range for a horse

A

1.001 - 1.055

42
Q

why is it important to recognize what is all included when using a refractometer to get a USG

A

total solutes will include proteins and glucose which can falsely increase the USG and needs correction

43
Q

true or false:
a single ‘low’ USG may be normal if the animal is well hydrated

A

true

44
Q

what can a repeatable lowered USG possibly signal before signs of azotemia

A

early renal disease

45
Q

what analytes are increased in an azotemic state

A

urea
creatinine

46
Q

in what part of the tubule tract is there damage or disfunction if the USG is increased

A

prerenal

47
Q

in what disorder does polyuria occur because there are too few functional nephrons to respond to ADH

A

chronic renal failure

48
Q

in what disorder does polyuria occur because the tubules are not responding to ADH / solute diuretic

A

post-obstructive diuresis

49
Q

in what disorder does polyuria occur because theres a solute diuresis and a possible decrease in medullary tonicity

A

diabetes mellitus

50
Q

in what disorder does polyuria occur because of decreased medullary tonicity, plasma osmolality and a decrease in release of ADH

A

psychogenic polydipsia

51
Q

in what disorder does polydipsia occur because there is a lack of medullary tonicity caused by a lack of aldosterone

A

hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s Disease)

52
Q

in what disorder does polydipsia occur because of a lack of release of ADH

A

central diabetes insipidus

53
Q

in what disorder does polydipsia occur because of an increase in cortisol which decreases the release of ADH

A

hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s)

Clinical Pathology (16 decks)

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