Hemostasis

Question 1

what are the 3 basic mechanisms of anemia

Answer 1

red cell loss
red cell destruction / lysis
lack of marrow production

Question 2

what is something that could cause red cell loss

Answer 2

hemorrhage

Question 3

what is something that can cause red cell destruction / lysis

Answer 3

hemolysis

Question 4

what is something that can cause a lack of marrow production

Answer 4

bone marrow disease or suppression

Question 5

what is the result of a lack of marrow production

Answer 5

limits the production of RBCs

Question 6

if the bone marrow is normal, what would you expect to see with anemia

Answer 6

the body actively trying to correct the loss of RBCs through regenerative efforts

Question 7

what type(s) of anemia are seen with regenerative anemias

Answer 7

hemorrhage
hemolysis

Question 8

what is typically seen on a blood smear of a regenerative anemia

Answer 8

increase in reticulocytes present

Question 9

which type of anemia is non-regenerative

Answer 9

bone marrow disease or suppression

Question 10

what can be used to determine if the regenerative anemia is from blood loss or hemolysis

Answer 10

serum protein

Question 11

why is low serum proteins indicative of a hemorrhage anemia

Answer 11

loss of RBCs and plasma proteins because it is leaking out of the capillaries

Question 12

why is normal serum protein indicative of hemolysis anemia

Answer 12

the RBCs and plasma proteins will still be present within the circulatory system

Question 13

what type of cell will stain blue

Answer 13

polychromasia

Question 14

what causes polychromasia

Answer 14

recently released cells still with mRNA from the bone marrow (reticulocytes)

Question 15

other than blue stain, what type of stain can be used to identify reticulocytes

Answer 15

vital stain

Question 16

describe the cells when they first leave the bone marrow

Answer 16

larger
not fully hemoglobinized
blue in color

Question 17

what is platelet adhesion

Answer 17

when a platelet adheres to the subendothelium

Question 18

what protein is responsible for starting platelet adhesion

Answer 18

Von Willebrand Factor

Question 19

what is formed through platelet - platelet adhesion

Answer 19

platelet plug

Question 20

what process is done to form the platelet plug

Answer 20

platelet aggregation

Question 21

what protein is responsible for platelet aggregation

Answer 21

fibrinogen

Question 22

what are the differential diagnoses with primary hemostasis

Answer 22

platelet number
platelet function
Von Willebrand Disease

Question 23

what is platelet number in clinical terms

Answer 23

thrombocytopenia

Question 24

what acts as a catalyst for fibrin formation

Answer 24

platelets

Question 25

what are the coagulation factors of the intrinsic pathway

Answer 25

XII (12) XI (11) IX(9) VIII (8) *X (10)

Question 26

what are the coagulation factor(s) of the extrinsic pathway

Answer 26

VII (7) *X(10)

Question 27

what are the coagulation factors of the common pathway

Answer 27

X (10) V(5) II(2) I (1)

Question 28

what protein is factor 1

Answer 28

fibrinogen

Question 29

what does fibrinogen turn into? what is its use?

Answer 29

fibrinogen --> fibrin clot formation

Question 30

which coagulation factor has the shortest half life

Answer 30

VII (7)

Question 31

what is secondary hemostasis

Answer 31

formation of the fibrin clot

Question 32

what is the differential diagnosis list for secondary hemostasis problems

Answer 32

reduction in one or more of the factors presence of an anticoagulant (rare)

Question 33

what are some defects of primary hemostasis

Answer 33

petechiae eccyhmoses epistaxis

Question 34

what are some defects of secondary hemostasis

Answer 34

hematoma formation hemothorax hemoabdomen

Question 35

what is not significant in determining primary or secondary defects

Answer 35

excessive bleeding due to trauma

Question 36

what "older" test can be done to test all primary hemostatic defects

Answer 36

buccal mucosal bleeding time

Question 37

what "emergency" test could be done to screen for secondary hemostatic defects

Answer 37

Activated Clotting Time (ACT)

Question 38

what are 2 routine coagulation tests used now

Answer 38

PT (Prothrombin time) PTT (Partial thromboplastin time)

Question 39

which routine coagulation test is used to activate/ evaluate the extrinsic pathway

Answer 39

PT (prothrombin time)

Question 40

which routine coagulation test is used to activate/ evaluate the intrinsic pathway

Answer 40

PTT (partial thromboplastin time)

Question 41

what is used in the PT test to activate the clotting cascade

Answer 41

factor 7

Question 42

what is used in the PTT test to activate the clotting cascade

Answer 42

factor 12

Question 43

which tube is used to run a PT or PTT test

Answer 43

blue top tube

Question 44

what is used in a blue top tube which makes it ideal for PT and PTT tests

Answer 44

citrate -- reacts with Ca which is needed to clot

Question 45

true or false: factors must generally be increased by 30% of normal to prolong times

Answer 45

false decreased to prolong times

Question 46

what is the ideal way to handle a PT / PTT test to ensure the best / most accurate results

Answer 46

separate plasma within 1 hour run test within 4 hours

Question 47

what are the 4 top secondary hemostatic diseases

Answer 47

vitamin K antagonism / deficiency severe hepatic disease consumptive coagulopathy inherited coagulation factor deficiency

Question 48

what are the 2 main consumptive coagulopathy disorders

Answer 48

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) localized consumption

Question 49

what is the most common secondary hemostatic disease

Answer 49

vitamin K deficiency / antagonism

Question 50

what factors is vitamin K necessary for activation

Answer 50

II VII IX X

Question 51

what are the 2 ways for vitamin K deficiency

Answer 51

absence (uncommon) antagonism (rodenticide poisoning)

Question 52

why is liver disease often seen with vitamin K issues

Answer 52

vitamin K is fat soluble and needs bile for transportation / breakdown and often blocks the bile ducts

Question 53

how long does it take for an animal with vitamin K antagonism to respond to treatment with vitamin K

Answer 53

a few hours

Question 54

why is knowing the half life of vitamin K important when treating a rodenticide patient

Answer 54

will determine how long you need to treat an animal

Question 55

what are 2 ways liver disease impacts hemostasis

Answer 55

makes coagulation factors -- damage would decrease the amount made colistatic liver disease-- bile issues

Question 56

what would you expect to see on test results of and animal with liver disease causing secondary hemostatic disease

Answer 56

increased PT increased PTT *history and clinical signs are important