Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Pathology > Hemostasis > Flashcards

Hemostasis Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 basic mechanisms of anemia

A

red cell loss
red cell destruction / lysis
lack of marrow production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is something that could cause red cell loss

A

hemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is something that can cause red cell destruction / lysis

A

hemolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is something that can cause a lack of marrow production

A

bone marrow disease or suppression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the result of a lack of marrow production

A

limits the production of RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

if the bone marrow is normal, what would you expect to see with anemia

A

the body actively trying to correct the loss of RBCs through regenerative efforts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what type(s) of anemia are seen with regenerative anemias

A

hemorrhage
hemolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is typically seen on a blood smear of a regenerative anemia

A

increase in reticulocytes present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which type of anemia is non-regenerative

A

bone marrow disease or suppression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what can be used to determine if the regenerative anemia is from blood loss or hemolysis

A

serum protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

why is low serum proteins indicative of a hemorrhage anemia

A

loss of RBCs and plasma proteins because it is leaking out of the capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

why is normal serum protein indicative of hemolysis anemia

A

the RBCs and plasma proteins will still be present within the circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what type of cell will stain blue

A

polychromasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what causes polychromasia

A

recently released cells still with mRNA from the bone marrow (reticulocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

other than blue stain, what type of stain can be used to identify reticulocytes

A

vital stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe the cells when they first leave the bone marrow

A

larger
not fully hemoglobinized
blue in color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is platelet adhesion

A

when a platelet adheres to the subendothelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what protein is responsible for starting platelet adhesion

A

Von Willebrand Factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is formed through platelet - platelet adhesion

A

platelet plug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what process is done to form the platelet plug

A

platelet aggregation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what protein is responsible for platelet aggregation

A

fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the differential diagnoses with primary hemostasis

A

platelet number
platelet function
Von Willebrand Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is platelet number in clinical terms

A

thrombocytopenia

24
Q

what acts as a catalyst for fibrin formation

A

platelets

25
Q

what are the coagulation factors of the intrinsic pathway

A

XII (12)
XI (11)
IX(9)
VIII (8)
*X (10)

26
Q

what are the coagulation factor(s) of the extrinsic pathway

A

VII (7)
*X(10)

27
Q

what are the coagulation factors of the common pathway

A

X (10)
V(5)
II(2)
I (1)

28
Q

what protein is factor 1

A

fibrinogen

29
Q

what does fibrinogen turn into? what is its use?

A

fibrinogen –> fibrin
clot formation

30
Q

which coagulation factor has the shortest half life

A

VII (7)

31
Q

what is secondary hemostasis

A

formation of the fibrin clot

32
Q

what is the differential diagnosis list for secondary hemostasis problems

A

reduction in one or more of the factors
presence of an anticoagulant (rare)

33
Q

what are some defects of primary hemostasis

A

petechiae
eccyhmoses
epistaxis

34
Q

what are some defects of secondary hemostasis

A

hematoma formation
hemothorax
hemoabdomen

35
Q

what is not significant in determining primary or secondary defects

A

excessive bleeding due to trauma

36
Q

what “older” test can be done to test all primary hemostatic defects

A

buccal mucosal bleeding time

37
Q

what “emergency” test could be done to screen for secondary hemostatic defects

A

Activated Clotting Time (ACT)

38
Q

what are 2 routine coagulation tests used now

A

PT (Prothrombin time)
PTT (Partial thromboplastin time)

39
Q

which routine coagulation test is used to activate/ evaluate the extrinsic pathway

A

PT (prothrombin time)

40
Q

which routine coagulation test is used to activate/ evaluate the intrinsic pathway

A

PTT (partial thromboplastin time)

41
Q

what is used in the PT test to activate the clotting cascade

A

factor 7

42
Q

what is used in the PTT test to activate the clotting cascade

A

factor 12

43
Q

which tube is used to run a PT or PTT test

A

blue top tube

44
Q

what is used in a blue top tube which makes it ideal for PT and PTT tests

A

citrate – reacts with Ca which is needed to clot

45
Q

true or false:
factors must generally be increased by 30% of normal to prolong times

A

false
decreased to prolong times

46
Q

what is the ideal way to handle a PT / PTT test to ensure the best / most accurate results

A

separate plasma within 1 hour
run test within 4 hours

47
Q

what are the 4 top secondary hemostatic diseases

A

vitamin K antagonism / deficiency
severe hepatic disease
consumptive coagulopathy
inherited coagulation factor deficiency

48
Q

what are the 2 main consumptive coagulopathy disorders

A

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
localized consumption

49
Q

what is the most common secondary hemostatic disease

A

vitamin K deficiency / antagonism

50
Q

what factors is vitamin K necessary for activation

A

II
VII
IX
X

51
Q

what are the 2 ways for vitamin K deficiency

A

absence (uncommon)
antagonism (rodenticide poisoning)

52
Q

why is liver disease often seen with vitamin K issues

A

vitamin K is fat soluble and needs bile for transportation / breakdown and often blocks the bile ducts

53
Q

how long does it take for an animal with vitamin K antagonism to respond to treatment with vitamin K

A

a few hours

54
Q

why is knowing the half life of vitamin K important when treating a rodenticide patient

A

will determine how long you need to treat an animal

55
Q

what are 2 ways liver disease impacts hemostasis

A

makes coagulation factors – damage would decrease the amount made
colistatic liver disease– bile issues

56
Q

what would you expect to see on test results of and animal with liver disease causing secondary hemostatic disease

A

increased PT
increased PTT
*history and clinical signs are important

Clinical Pathology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions