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Clinical Pathology > Hemogram CBC > Flashcards

Hemogram CBC Flashcards

1
Q

what are the erythron pools

A

bone marrow
blood
tissue/ spleen

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2
Q

where does erythropoiesis happen

A

bone marrow

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3
Q

where are the oxygenated RBCs in circulation

A

blood

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4
Q

what is the purpose of the spleen

A

remove aged RBCs

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5
Q

what is the outcome of the spleen removing old RBCs from circulation

A

release of hemoglobin

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6
Q

what is made in the kidney in relation to the triggering of RBCs maturation and production

A

erythropoietin

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7
Q

what is the purpose of the bone marrow in relation to the RBCs life cycle

A

nucleated cells divide here
release of reticulocytes and mature erythrocytes

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8
Q

what cell is the pre-cursor to the reticulocyte

A

rubricyte

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9
Q

what is the difference between the reticulocyte and the erythrocyte

A

reticulocyte = lost nucleus but larger & contains RNA

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10
Q

why do reticulocytes need to be rich in RNA

A

they need to have adequate Hgb synthesis in order to be able to carry a productive amount of O2 when they mature

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11
Q

which type of cell is needed for Hgb synthesis (DNA/RNA)

A

RNA cells (reticulocytes / immature cells)

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12
Q

under normal conditions, where are reticulocytes found

A

bone marrow - this is why in anemias it can be used as a marker for classification

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13
Q

true or false:
erythrocytes circulate and deliver O2 via Hgb in the blood

A

true

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14
Q

what is the RBC life span

A

2-5 months depending on species

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15
Q

in which animals does the spleen have large sinusoidal pools

A

horse / dog

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16
Q

why is it more normal for a cat to have abnormal RBCs in circulation

A

they have nonsinusoidal spleens

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17
Q

what is the necessary element for Hgb synthesis

A

iron (Fe)

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18
Q

what does the iron need to be bound to in plasma

A

transferrin

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19
Q

where can iron be stored

A

marrow
spleen
liver

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20
Q

in what state is iron stored in the marrow/ spleen / liver

A

hemosiderin (non-soluble)
ferritin (soluble)

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21
Q

what does iron need to be bound to be useful to rubicytes

A

ferritin in the bone marrow

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22
Q

true or false
anemia is a disease

A

false
anemia is a pathologic state

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23
Q

what are 3 ways anemia can occur (basic)

A

decreased PVC
decreased Hbg
decreased RBCs

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24
Q

what are the 3 basic causes of anemia

A

blood loss, hemolysis, decreased production of RBCs

25
Q

what is a classic clinical sign of anemia

A

pale mucous membranes, weakness, depression – due to decreased O2 carrying capacity

26
Q

what are the 3 ways to broadly classify anemia

A

classification by marrow responsiveness
morphologic classification
pathophysiologic classification

27
Q

what are the 2 ways to classify an anemia due to marrow responsiveness

A

regenerative
nonregenerative

28
Q

what is the classic sign of a regenerative anemia on a cytology

A

presence of reticulocytes (increased polychromasia)

29
Q

what does an increase of reticulocytes signify

A

accelerated erythropoiesis

30
Q

what is reticulocytosis

A

increased reticulocyte concentration

31
Q

in what species is reticulocytosis not commonly found

A

horses

32
Q

what is the best evidence in a horse for a regenerative anemia

A

macrocytosis

33
Q

when is reticulocytosis expected to be seen

A

3-4 days after onset of anemia

34
Q

when is the peak for reticulocytosis

A

7-10 days after onset of anemia

35
Q

what triggers the increase in EPO

A

hypoxia due to anemia (decreased carrying capacity)

36
Q

what is typically seen as the bone marrow tries to correct the anemia after several days with success

A

erythroid hyperplasia because of reduced reticulocytosis – basically the baby cells become adults

37
Q

in which species would you expect to see aggregate reticulocytes

A

dogs / cats/ cattle

38
Q

in what species are punctate reticulocytes seen

A

cats only

39
Q

what forms when >6 punctate RNA granules combine

A

aggregate reticulocytes

40
Q

how are punctate reticulocytes formed

A

<6 punctate RNA granules combine

41
Q

what is the outcome of aggregate reticulocytes

A

become punctate reticulocytes or erythrocytes

42
Q

what is the life span of aggregate reticulocytes

A

1 day, peak day 4 of anemia

43
Q

what is the life span of punctate reticulocytes

A

3 days , peaks 7-21 days after anemia

44
Q

what is the outcome of punctate reticulocytes

A

become erythrocytes and is not a recent bone marrow response to anemia

45
Q

what is the best thing to use to determine if anemia is regenerative or nonregnerative on a CBC

A

reticulocyte concentration

46
Q

what are the causes of a regenerative anemia

A

blood loss
hemolysis

47
Q

what are the common causes of a non-regenerative anemia

A

reduced or defective erythropoiesis

48
Q

what are the 2 most common causes of a non-regenerative anemia

A

anemia of inflammation disease
anemia of renal failure (chronic)

49
Q

how does renal failure lead to anemia

A

decreased release and production of EPO

50
Q

what indices are used to morphologically classify anemia

A

MCV
MCHC

51
Q

what morphological classifications typically lead to regenerative anemias

A

macrocytic

52
Q

what morphological classifications typically lead to iron deficiency

A

microcytic

53
Q

what morphological classifications typically signify a factitious hemolysis / condition

A

hyperchromic

54
Q

what is basically used for the pathophysiologic classifications

A

rule-out list or classify after Dx

55
Q

what causes blood loss in regenerative anemias

A

trauma (internal or external)

56
Q

what can cause a regenerative hemolytic anemia

A

RBC destruction (extravascular or intravascular)

57
Q

what can cause a non-regenerative anemia due to decreased erythrocyte production

A

inflammatory disease
renal disease

58
Q

true or false:
all acquired anemias are initially nonregenerative & normocytic, normochromic

A

true

Clinical Pathology (16 decks)

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