Hemogram CBC Flashcards
what are the erythron pools
bone marrow
blood
tissue/ spleen
where does erythropoiesis happen
bone marrow
where are the oxygenated RBCs in circulation
blood
what is the purpose of the spleen
remove aged RBCs
what is the outcome of the spleen removing old RBCs from circulation
release of hemoglobin
what is made in the kidney in relation to the triggering of RBCs maturation and production
erythropoietin
what is the purpose of the bone marrow in relation to the RBCs life cycle
nucleated cells divide here
release of reticulocytes and mature erythrocytes
what cell is the pre-cursor to the reticulocyte
rubricyte
what is the difference between the reticulocyte and the erythrocyte
reticulocyte = lost nucleus but larger & contains RNA
why do reticulocytes need to be rich in RNA
they need to have adequate Hgb synthesis in order to be able to carry a productive amount of O2 when they mature
which type of cell is needed for Hgb synthesis (DNA/RNA)
RNA cells (reticulocytes / immature cells)
under normal conditions, where are reticulocytes found
bone marrow - this is why in anemias it can be used as a marker for classification
true or false:
erythrocytes circulate and deliver O2 via Hgb in the blood
true
what is the RBC life span
2-5 months depending on species
in which animals does the spleen have large sinusoidal pools
horse / dog
why is it more normal for a cat to have abnormal RBCs in circulation
they have nonsinusoidal spleens
what is the necessary element for Hgb synthesis
iron (Fe)
what does the iron need to be bound to in plasma
transferrin
where can iron be stored
marrow
spleen
liver
in what state is iron stored in the marrow/ spleen / liver
hemosiderin (non-soluble)
ferritin (soluble)
what does iron need to be bound to be useful to rubicytes
ferritin in the bone marrow
true or false
anemia is a disease
false
anemia is a pathologic state
what are 3 ways anemia can occur (basic)
decreased PVC
decreased Hbg
decreased RBCs
what are the 3 basic causes of anemia
blood loss, hemolysis, decreased production of RBCs
what is a classic clinical sign of anemia
pale mucous membranes, weakness, depression – due to decreased O2 carrying capacity
what are the 3 ways to broadly classify anemia
classification by marrow responsiveness
morphologic classification
pathophysiologic classification
what are the 2 ways to classify an anemia due to marrow responsiveness
regenerative
nonregenerative
what is the classic sign of a regenerative anemia on a cytology
presence of reticulocytes (increased polychromasia)
what does an increase of reticulocytes signify
accelerated erythropoiesis
what is reticulocytosis
increased reticulocyte concentration
in what species is reticulocytosis not commonly found
horses
what is the best evidence in a horse for a regenerative anemia
macrocytosis
when is reticulocytosis expected to be seen
3-4 days after onset of anemia
when is the peak for reticulocytosis
7-10 days after onset of anemia
what triggers the increase in EPO
hypoxia due to anemia (decreased carrying capacity)
what is typically seen as the bone marrow tries to correct the anemia after several days with success
erythroid hyperplasia because of reduced reticulocytosis – basically the baby cells become adults
in which species would you expect to see aggregate reticulocytes
dogs / cats/ cattle
in what species are punctate reticulocytes seen
cats only
what forms when >6 punctate RNA granules combine
aggregate reticulocytes
how are punctate reticulocytes formed
<6 punctate RNA granules combine
what is the outcome of aggregate reticulocytes
become punctate reticulocytes or erythrocytes
what is the life span of aggregate reticulocytes
1 day, peak day 4 of anemia
what is the life span of punctate reticulocytes
3 days , peaks 7-21 days after anemia
what is the outcome of punctate reticulocytes
become erythrocytes and is not a recent bone marrow response to anemia
what is the best thing to use to determine if anemia is regenerative or nonregnerative on a CBC
reticulocyte concentration
what are the causes of a regenerative anemia
blood loss
hemolysis
what are the common causes of a non-regenerative anemia
reduced or defective erythropoiesis
what are the 2 most common causes of a non-regenerative anemia
anemia of inflammation disease
anemia of renal failure (chronic)
how does renal failure lead to anemia
decreased release and production of EPO
what indices are used to morphologically classify anemia
MCV
MCHC
what morphological classifications typically lead to regenerative anemias
macrocytic
what morphological classifications typically lead to iron deficiency
microcytic
what morphological classifications typically signify a factitious hemolysis / condition
hyperchromic
what is basically used for the pathophysiologic classifications
rule-out list or classify after Dx
what causes blood loss in regenerative anemias
trauma (internal or external)
what can cause a regenerative hemolytic anemia
RBC destruction (extravascular or intravascular)
what can cause a non-regenerative anemia due to decreased erythrocyte production
inflammatory disease
renal disease
true or false:
all acquired anemias are initially nonregenerative & normocytic, normochromic
true
