Hemogram CBC

Question 1

what are the erythron pools

Answer 1

bone marrow
blood
tissue/ spleen

Question 2

where does erythropoiesis happen

Answer 2

bone marrow

Question 3

where are the oxygenated RBCs in circulation

Answer 3

blood

Question 4

what is the purpose of the spleen

Answer 4

remove aged RBCs

Question 5

what is the outcome of the spleen removing old RBCs from circulation

Answer 5

release of hemoglobin

Question 6

what is made in the kidney in relation to the triggering of RBCs maturation and production

Answer 6

erythropoietin

Question 7

what is the purpose of the bone marrow in relation to the RBCs life cycle

Answer 7

nucleated cells divide here
release of reticulocytes and mature erythrocytes

Question 8

what cell is the pre-cursor to the reticulocyte

Answer 8

rubricyte

Question 9

what is the difference between the reticulocyte and the erythrocyte

Answer 9

reticulocyte = lost nucleus but larger & contains RNA

Question 10

why do reticulocytes need to be rich in RNA

Answer 10

they need to have adequate Hgb synthesis in order to be able to carry a productive amount of O2 when they mature

Question 11

which type of cell is needed for Hgb synthesis (DNA/RNA)

Answer 11

RNA cells (reticulocytes / immature cells)

Question 12

under normal conditions, where are reticulocytes found

Answer 12

bone marrow - this is why in anemias it can be used as a marker for classification

Question 13

true or false:
erythrocytes circulate and deliver O2 via Hgb in the blood

Answer 13

true

Question 14

what is the RBC life span

Answer 14

2-5 months depending on species

Question 15

in which animals does the spleen have large sinusoidal pools

Answer 15

horse / dog

Question 16

why is it more normal for a cat to have abnormal RBCs in circulation

Answer 16

they have nonsinusoidal spleens

Question 17

what is the necessary element for Hgb synthesis

Answer 17

iron (Fe)

Question 18

what does the iron need to be bound to in plasma

Answer 18

transferrin

Question 19

where can iron be stored

Answer 19

marrow
spleen
liver

Question 20

in what state is iron stored in the marrow/ spleen / liver

Answer 20

hemosiderin (non-soluble)
ferritin (soluble)

Question 21

what does iron need to be bound to be useful to rubicytes

Answer 21

ferritin in the bone marrow

Question 22

true or false
anemia is a disease

Answer 22

false
anemia is a pathologic state

Question 23

what are 3 ways anemia can occur (basic)

Answer 23

decreased PVC
decreased Hbg
decreased RBCs

Question 24

what are the 3 basic causes of anemia

Answer 24

blood loss, hemolysis, decreased production of RBCs

Question 25

what is a classic clinical sign of anemia

Answer 25

pale mucous membranes, weakness, depression -- due to decreased O2 carrying capacity

Question 26

what are the 3 ways to broadly classify anemia

Answer 26

classification by marrow responsiveness morphologic classification pathophysiologic classification

Question 27

what are the 2 ways to classify an anemia due to marrow responsiveness

Answer 27

regenerative nonregenerative

Question 28

what is the classic sign of a regenerative anemia on a cytology

Answer 28

presence of reticulocytes (increased polychromasia)

Question 29

what does an increase of reticulocytes signify

Answer 29

accelerated erythropoiesis

Question 30

what is reticulocytosis

Answer 30

increased reticulocyte concentration

Question 31

in what species is reticulocytosis not commonly found

Answer 31

horses

Question 32

what is the best evidence in a horse for a regenerative anemia

Answer 32

macrocytosis

Question 33

when is reticulocytosis expected to be seen

Answer 33

3-4 days after onset of anemia

Question 34

when is the peak for reticulocytosis

Answer 34

7-10 days after onset of anemia

Question 35

what triggers the increase in EPO

Answer 35

hypoxia due to anemia (decreased carrying capacity)

Question 36

what is typically seen as the bone marrow tries to correct the anemia after several days with success

Answer 36

erythroid hyperplasia because of reduced reticulocytosis -- basically the baby cells become adults

Question 37

in which species would you expect to see aggregate reticulocytes

Answer 37

dogs / cats/ cattle

Question 38

in what species are punctate reticulocytes seen

Answer 38

cats only

Question 39

what forms when >6 punctate RNA granules combine

Answer 39

aggregate reticulocytes

Question 40

how are punctate reticulocytes formed

Answer 40

<6 punctate RNA granules combine

Question 41

what is the outcome of aggregate reticulocytes

Answer 41

become punctate reticulocytes or erythrocytes

Question 42

what is the life span of aggregate reticulocytes

Answer 42

1 day, peak day 4 of anemia

Question 43

what is the life span of punctate reticulocytes

Answer 43

3 days , peaks 7-21 days after anemia

Question 44

what is the outcome of punctate reticulocytes

Answer 44

become erythrocytes and is not a recent bone marrow response to anemia

Question 45

what is the best thing to use to determine if anemia is regenerative or nonregnerative on a CBC

Answer 45

reticulocyte concentration

Question 46

what are the causes of a regenerative anemia

Answer 46

blood loss hemolysis

Question 47

what are the common causes of a non-regenerative anemia

Answer 47

reduced or defective erythropoiesis

Question 48

what are the 2 most common causes of a non-regenerative anemia

Answer 48

anemia of inflammation disease anemia of renal failure (chronic)

Question 49

how does renal failure lead to anemia

Answer 49

decreased release and production of EPO

Question 50

what indices are used to morphologically classify anemia

Answer 50

MCV MCHC

Question 51

what morphological classifications typically lead to regenerative anemias

Answer 51

macrocytic

Question 52

what morphological classifications typically lead to iron deficiency

Answer 52

microcytic

Question 53

what morphological classifications typically signify a factitious hemolysis / condition

Answer 53

hyperchromic

Question 54

what is basically used for the pathophysiologic classifications

Answer 54

rule-out list or classify after Dx

Question 55

what causes blood loss in regenerative anemias

Answer 55

trauma (internal or external)

Question 56

what can cause a regenerative hemolytic anemia

Answer 56

RBC destruction (extravascular or intravascular)

Question 57

what can cause a non-regenerative anemia due to decreased erythrocyte production

Answer 57

inflammatory disease renal disease

Question 58

true or false: all acquired anemias are initially nonregenerative & normocytic, normochromic

Answer 58

true