Renal Disease Parameters

Question 1

what are the clinical signs associated with acute renal disease

Answer 1

oliguria
severe metabolic disease
proteinuria
granular casts

Question 2

what kind of proteinuria is associated with acute renal disease

Answer 2

tubular

Question 3

what can cause chronic renal insufficiency

Answer 3

chronic sustained reduction in renal function and/or structural change

Question 4

CKD typically includes patients with…

Answer 4

tubulointerstitial nephritis
primary glomerular disease

Question 5

what are some clinical signs associated with CKD

Answer 5

azotemia
PU/PD
Non-regenerative anemia
acidosis due to loss of bicarb

*increase Ca in horses

Question 6

describe the USG in end stage renal disease

Answer 6

USG in or near isosthenuric range

Question 7

what are the clinical signs of end stage renal disease

Answer 7

isosthenuric
marked azotemia
metabolic acidosis
increased K and PO4

Question 8

what causes a post-renal azotemia

Answer 8

obstruction of urinary outflow tract
release of vasoactive substances
break in urinary system

Question 9

what are 3 disorders to cause post-renal azotemia

Answer 9

calculi
neoplasia
feline lower urinary tract disease

Question 10

true or false:
the USG in post-renal azotemia ia variable

Answer 10

true

Question 11

true or false:
post-renal azotemia can occur with no decrease in GFR

Answer 11

true

Question 12

what analytes are usually marked in post-renal azotemia

Answer 12

K
Na, Cl

Question 13

how does proteinuria contribute to progression of CKD

Answer 13

promoting tubulointerstitial inflammation
fibrosis
atrophy

Question 14

true or false:
severity of proteinuria significantly correlated with renal survival times

Answer 14

true

Question 15

what can be used to measure proteinuria

Answer 15

dipstick

Question 16

what is the qualitative way to measure proteinuria

Answer 16

dipstick

Question 17

what is the quantitative way to measure proteinuria

Answer 17

urine protein : creatinine ratio

Question 18

when should a urine protein : creatinine ratio not be done

Answer 18

urine is visibly pink

Question 19

what will a urine protein: creatinine ratio tell you

Answer 19

if there is significant renal tubular or glomerular protein loss

Question 20

how can you tell if there is tubular renal protein loss with a urine protein: creatinine ratio

Answer 20

<1 is usually tubular

Question 21

how can you tell if there is glomerular disease with a urine protein: creatinine ratio

Answer 21

> > 1

Question 22

which type of proteinuria is not permanent

Answer 22

pre-renal

Question 23

what type of proteinuria is associated with pre-renal

Answer 23

over flow

Question 24

what type of proteinuria is associated with renal

Answer 24

tubular
interstitial
glomerular

Question 25

what type of proteinuria is associated with post renal

Answer 25

secretory / post glomerular

Question 26

what can be seen in pre-renal (preglomerular) over flow proteinuria

Answer 26

small proteins in blood
hemoglobin
myoglobin
bence jones proteins

Question 27

what can also be seen in the urine with a proteinuria due to tubular disease

Answer 27

glucosuria

Question 28

what are the 3 things seen with renal proteinuria due to tubular disease

Answer 28

glucosuria
azotemia
decreased USG

Question 29

what can interstitial renal proteinuria cause

Answer 29

acute interstitial nephritis

Question 30

describe the pathogenesis of acute interstitial nephritis

Answer 30

causes exudation of proteins into the urinary space

Question 31

what things can causes glomerular renal proteinuria

Answer 31

immune complex glomerulopathy
amyloidosis
hypertension
infectious disease
neoplasia

Question 32

what can signify a glomerular renal proteinuria

Answer 32

high levels of proteinuria due to albumin leakage

Question 33

what is the main pathogenesis of glomerular renal proteinuria

Answer 33

immune complex disorders

Question 34

how would you be able to classify a glomerular disease

Answer 34

significant albumin present in urine
decreased serum albumin
edema
hypercholesterolemia / nephrotic syndrome

Question 35

what are some possible outcomes with glomerular disease

Answer 35

concurrent loss of antithrombin III
hypercoagulable state
DIC / intravascular thrombosis

Question 36

in cases of toxic renal azotemia, when does azotemia occur

Answer 36

within hours

Question 37

what are some main causes of toxic renal azotemia

Answer 37

anti-freeze
grapes/ raisins
easter lily toxicosis

Question 38

what is seen with cholecalciferol toxicity

Answer 38

acute toxicosis
12-72 hour changes
increased:
phosphorus
calcium
azotemia

USG = isosthenuric

Question 39

what are some of the ethylene glycol metabolites associated with antifreeze toxicity

Answer 39

aldehyde
glycolic acid
oxalate

Question 40

what type of crystals are seen with ethylene glycol toxicosis

Answer 40

calcium oxalate crystal formation within renal tubules

Question 41

what what a chemistry look like with ethylene glycol toxicosis

Answer 41

severe azotemia
increased PO4
increased K
decreased calcium (due to crystal formation)

Question 42

what metabolic conditions does antifreeze toxicosis cause

Answer 42

metabolic acidosis
increased anion gap
isosthenuria

Question 43

what syndrome affects the proximal renal tubule and causes abnormalities in Na, glucose, Ca, PO4 and amino acid retention

Answer 43

fanconi syndrome

Question 44

when are transient cases of fanconi syndrome often seen

Answer 44

cases with toxins and drugs that affect the proximal renal tubule

Question 45

what are some breeds in which fanconi syndrome is inherited

Answer 45

basenjis
norwegian elkhounds
schnauzer
shetland sheepdog