Urinalysis Flashcards
lit 3 urine collection procedures
- cystocentesis
- catheterization
- mid-stream flow
what is cystocentesis?
a sterile urine collection technique where urine is collected from bladder through abdominal wall puncture guided with ultrasonography
which urine collection procedure did Dr. Pullen always use and why?
cystocentesis, it is sterile and he is the ultrasound god
what is catheterization?
a method of urine collection where a urinary catheter is placed in the urethra
what is mid-stream flow collection?
allow the inital urine to flow (to flush out bacteria and get a more representative sample) and collecting the mid portion
how to you stimulate urination in dairy cattle?
stimulate the vulva continuously
what is inflammation of the bladder called?
cystitis
how do you diagnose cystitis?
cystocentesis
what are the 3 ways to classify diseases thatc cause urine issues?
- pre-renal: problem before kidneys
- renal: problem with kidneys
- post-renal: problem after kidneys
give 2 examples of pre-renal diseases
anemia, hemolytic diseases
give 3 examples of renal diseases
nephritis: kidney inflammation
nephrosis: pathology in kidneys
some metabolic diseases in small animals
give an example of a post-renal disease
UTI
how quickly to you want to process a urinalysis after urine collection? why?
analyze within 4-6 hours after collection; urine will keep changing (pH, all levels, etc.)
what are the 11 aspects of a urinalysis?
- color
- clarity or turbidity
- odor
- specific gravity
- urine pH
- protein
- glucose
- bilirubin/urobilinogen
- occult blood
- luekocytes
- sediments
what does coloir depend on in a urinalysis?
concentration of urine or diseases
what does pink and red color indicate in urine?
UTI, kidney infection, other illness
what does green urine indicate?
possible kidney problems
what does brown urine indicate?
possible internal bleeding or toxic reaction
if you are an owner and you see brown urine in your animal what should you do?
seek immediate medical attention
what does transparent urine indicate?
overhydration
what does pale yellow urine indicate?
perfect!
what does dark yellow urine indicate?
dehydrated
when does turbidity of urine (oppostie of clarity) increase?
in cases of pigmenturia, crystalluria, hematuria, pyuria, lipiduria, or mucus
how do you test turbidity/clarity in urinalysis?
hold urine up to words and try to read them through the urine
what gives color to urine?
fats/solids
what animals have strong ammonia in their urine?
cats and goats
what will urine with high ketones smell like?
acetone
what alters odor of urine?
bacterial infections
what is specific gravity of urine?
ratio of the weight of a volume of liquid (urine) to the weight of an equal volume of water (bascially density measurement)
how do you measure specific gravity in urine?
using a refractometer
what is the general pH or dog and cat urine?
acidic
what is the general pH of horses and ruminants?
alkaline
what does pH influence?
the formation of certain crystals
what can the presence of protein in the urine be due to?
pre-renal, renal, or post-renal causes
what condition would cause an increase of protein in the urine?
proteinuria
what is the threshold for renal glucose?
> 180mg/dL
when do you see glucosuria?
after hyperglycemia (diabetes) and renalfunction
what is bilirubinuria associated with?
increased hemoylsis
when do you see increased urobilinogen?
with hyperbilirubinemia
what is occult blood?
sneaky blood! can’t be detected with naked eye
what does occult blood help determine?
- RBCs
- hemoglobin
- haptoblobin (which strips hemoglobin and RBCs)
what do leukocytes in urine indicate?
infection
how do you observe sediments in a urinalysis?
under a microscope
