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Animal Health and Diseases > Biosecurity > Flashcards

Biosecurity Flashcards

1
Q

what is the aim of cleaning and disinfection?

A

to reduce the number of microorganisms

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2
Q

what specifically is cleaning?

A

the physical removal of organic matter and biofilms

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3
Q

what specifically is disinfection?

A

kills microbes

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4
Q

where can cleaning and disinfection be carried out?

A

on surfaces and fomites

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5
Q

in what areas is it better/easier to clean and disinfect? give an example

A

areas without animals, or in empty areas

ex.) between all-in/all-out in poultry, or in between production groups in swine

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6
Q

what are the 7 steps of cleaning and disinfection? describe

A
  1. dry cleaning: removal of fecal matter, bedding, etc.
  2. soak with water and cleaning product: loosen and turn organic material into solution, let sit, will carry some bacteria and viruses with it
  3. high pressure cleaning: rinse/remove the loosened organic material (foam up rinse down)
  4. drying: avoids dilution of disinfectant (in the next step), also starts killing some bacteria
  5. disinfectant: kills most of remaining organisms after cleaning, rinsing not required so disinfectant stays in contact for some time
  6. drying 2.0: prevent animals from coming into contact with residues and increases exposure time of disinfectant with microbes
  7. testing efficacy: culture plate most common byt contact plates good too
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7
Q

discuss the structure and function of detergents

A

amphipathic structure; hydrophilic and hydrophobic (polar and nonpolar sides) can colulize both polar and nonpolar substances, micelle interface because of the lipids in there

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8
Q

what are the 9 aspects of an ideal disinfectant?

A
  1. fast action
  2. limited inhibition by environmental factors or organic material (no sun inactivation)
  3. nontoxic
  4. stable as pure and diluted
  5. water soluble
  6. homogenous pure and diluted
  7. easy use
  8. penetrative
  9. non-corrosive
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9
Q

does any disinfectant have all 9 ideal aspects?

A

no

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10
Q

why does an ideal isinfectant need to be water soluble?

A

water is the main medium for solutions

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11
Q

why does an ideal disinfectant need to be penetrative?

A

through all the openings and pores in floor or materials to be disinfected

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12
Q

what 2 super important things is a water supply essential for in farming?

A
  1. physiology of animals

2. farm operation and cleaning

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13
Q

do all farms have a safe water source? what do they use instead sometimes?

A

no; lagoons, wells, tanks, etc.

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14
Q

what are the 2 types of water contaminants?

A
  1. chemicals (molecules)

2. biological

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15
Q

what are the 2 types of chemical water contaminants>

A

organic and inorganic

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16
Q

give 4 examples of chemical water contaminants

A
  1. pesticides
  2. heavy metals
  3. antibiotics
  4. toxins
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17
Q

give 5 examples of biological water contaminants

A
  1. bacteria
  2. viruses
  3. parasites
  4. fungi
  5. feces
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18
Q

what is the super bad problem with biological water contaminants?

A

they can enter the food chain through milk or muscle of food animals

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19
Q

what does the risk associated with drinking water contaminants depend on?

A

the concentration of the hazard and the volume of ater consumed

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20
Q

give an example of an animal who would be at greater risk associated with drinking water contaminants?

A

a cow, especially a lactating cow, due to the sheer volume of water they drink per day

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21
Q

what is the most common level of risk associated with drinking water contaminants?

A

low and moderate exposure for a long time

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22
Q

what happens as a result of low or moderature exposure over a long time to drinking water contaminants?

A

bioaccumulation in fat and tissues, such as in the case of heavy metals

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23
Q

in what areas is there a lower risk of contamination of water?

A

when coming from central sources or urban distribution

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24
Q

from what kind of water source is there high risk of water contamination? give 4 examples

A

farm reservoirs, such as lakes, rivers, lagoons, and runoff/soil contamination

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25
Q

what is one major threat to on-farm water quality? why? (2)

A

the animal industry itself; due to fecal runoff and cross-contamination

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26
Q

what are the 3 aspects of water risk management?

A
  1. water evaluation
  2. water treatment
  3. cleaning of water dispensers/main outlets
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27
Q

describe water treatment

A

physical removal of chemicals

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28
Q

how is water treatment accomplished?

A

filtration methods (sand or carbon filters)

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29
Q

what are the 2 types of filtration methods used in water treatment?

A

ultra or nano-filtration

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30
Q

what does filtration do in water treatment?

A

filters potentially remove microorganisms

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31
Q

what is water sanitation?

A

use of ozone of UV light to disinfect water

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32
Q

what is the most common method of water sanitation?

A

chlorination

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33
Q

8====D

A

( . Y . )

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34
Q

what are the 3 problems caused by rodents on farms?

A
  1. they are vectors of diseases
  2. destruction of material
  3. consumption of animal feed
35
Q

give 3 diseases that rodents are vectors for

A
  1. campylobacter
  2. salmonella
  3. leptospira
36
Q

how many pounds of feed can 100 rats eat per day?

A

approz 4.4 lbs per day, adding up to about 1500 lbs. of feed lost per year

37
Q

what are the 3 main pests targeted in pest control?

A
  1. black rat (Rattus rattus)
  2. brown rat (Rattus norvegicus)
  3. mice (Mus mucsculus)
38
Q

give 3 other common names for black rats

A

ship rat, roof rat, house rat

39
Q

how much do black rats weigh?

A

150-250 grams

40
Q

what is one special skill of black rats?

A

good climbers

41
Q

what kind of food do black rats eat?

A

prefer grains or fruit, NO meat

42
Q

give 3 other names for brown rats

A

common rat, sewer rat, norwegian rat

43
Q

how much do brown rats weigh?

A

150-500grams

44
Q

where are brown rats found?

A

nest under surfaces

45
Q

give a special skill of brown rats

A

good swimmers

46
Q

what do brown rats eat?

A

eat everything

47
Q

what kinds of locations do mice look for for nesting?

A

warm and dry

48
Q

do mice require a lot of drinking water?

A

nope

49
Q

how much do mice weigh?

A

20-30 grams

50
Q

describe the eating patterns of mice

A

omnivorous, but never eat a large amount of food

51
Q

what are 8 signs you can use to identify if you have rodents on your farm?

A
  1. sounds
  2. drippings
  3. burrows
  4. runs
  5. gnawing
  6. rodent odors
  7. visual sightings
  8. smudge marks
52
Q

which rodent is normal to see in daylight?

A

mice

53
Q

which rodent is only seen at night?

A

rats

54
Q

what are the 3 aspects of pest control?

A
  1. preventing entry
  2. chemical control/rodenticides
  3. mechanical control
55
Q

give 3 ways for preventing entry of rodents

A
  1. clean area
  2. seal animal houses
  3. place baits outside the building
56
Q

give 3 things that make a great rodenticide

A
  1. needs to be liked by rodents
  2. kills over several days
  3. baits placed around rodent run areas
57
Q

what about rat physiology requires a rodenticide to be liked by rats?

A

they have a strong sense of smell, so the chemical agent needs to be palatable

58
Q

why does a rodenticide need to kill over several days instead of immediately?

A

rats are very smart so if they see a fellow rat die quickly they will avoid that bait

59
Q

what are 2 methods of mechanical control of rodents?

A
  1. traps

2. cats and dogs

60
Q

why can farm personnel be a big biosecurity problem? (2)

A
  1. they are both internal and external agents (go home each day)
  2. zoonotic diseases
61
Q

give 2 examples of zoonotic diseases that threaten farm workers

A
  1. salmonella

2. campylobactor

62
Q

what is vital to ensuring biosecurity of farm animals and personnel? what must you take into account with this?

A

training!! watch for language barriers and allergies, especially in chicken farms

63
Q

what can you provide personnel to ensure biosecurity?

A

PPE

64
Q

what practice is used in farms to ensure biosecurity regarding personnel?

A

zonalization, areas to change outside clothes to work clothes and vice versa, special attention paid to lunch/common areas!!!

65
Q

what 4 things can you do/consider when creating biosecurity protocols for the personnel on a farm?

A
  1. work clothing, change at entry
  2. increase personnel so you can assign individuals to separate tasks
  3. or decrease personnel in contact through PPE, change clothing in between barns, and washing hands and boots
  4. be careful with common areas!!!
66
Q

what are the 2 levels of biosecurity?

A
  1. external

2. internal

67
Q

describe external biosecurity

A

risks come from semen, vehicles carrying feed, visitors, and vets), rodents

68
Q

what is necessary to control external biosecurity? (3)

A

risk assessment, preventative measurements, and proof documents from EVERYTHING

69
Q

describe internal biosecurity

A

risks come from animal density, cadavers

70
Q

how do you control internal biosecurity? (2)

A
  1. all in, all out, management groups that move together, and disinfect in between
  2. work from youngest to oldest on farms
71
Q

describe how the flow of animals should be determined

A

by most susceptible/at risk groups

72
Q

give an example of flow of animals

A

want dams moving straight from gestation to farrowing and nursery with no/as little as possible flow through of other animals in those spaces

73
Q

what are 3 diseases of importance for swine that need biosecurity prevention

A
  1. PRRS
  2. PRS
  3. colostridia
74
Q

how do you prevent PRS? (3)

A
  1. vaccines
  2. keep animal stock densitry low
  3. reduce stress
75
Q

what group of animal is most affected by PRS and why?

A

nursery and growers/finishers due to increased stress

76
Q

what is PRS?

A

respiratory disease complex

77
Q

how do you prevent PRRS?

A

vaccine available

78
Q

how is PRRS transmitted? what do you do to ensure no transmission via this route?

A

can pass through semen; so you should require a certified boar stud when getting semen

79
Q

what group of animals is most affected by PRRS?

A

gestating females, get repro issues like dicreased conception rates and abortions

80
Q

give 4 diseases/microbes in the clostridia group that rais biosecurity concerns

A
  1. C. difficile
  2. C. perfringens
  3. E. coli
  4. salmonella
81
Q

what group of animals is most affected by clostridial diseases?

A

piglets, causes neonatal diarrhea

82
Q

how do you prevent clostridial diseases (2)

A
  1. vaccinate sows in late pregnancy to protect babies

2. wash sows before entering the farrowing pen

83
Q

give the 2 main groups that are most easily affected by diseases

A
  1. gestating moms

2. youngins

Animal Health and Diseases (24 decks)

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