Metabolism and Nutrition Flashcards
what is metabolism?
the sume of the chemical reactions that take place within each cell of a living organism
what is anabolism?
building up reactions in metabolism, the creation/synthesis of complex molecules starting from smaller units, which REQUIRES energy
what is catabolism?
production of energy to maintain other portions of metabolism
do anabolism and metabolism have to happen separately? give an example?
no they hapen in tandem, as in the case of the catabolic breakdown of lipids (lipolysis) to produce milk, and those broken down lipids going to the liver for glycogenesis (anabolic)
what is the energy-yielding metabolism?
catabolism
what is the biosynthetic metabolism?
anabolism
what is the goal of catabolism?
energy production
in catabolism, what does protein undergo to break down into usable amino acids?
proteolysis
in catabolism, what do polysaccharides (sugars) undergo to break down into usable monosaccharides?
glycolysis
in catabolism, what do complex lipids (mainly triglycerides) undergo to break down itno usable fatty acids?
lipolysis
what is the origin of complex molecules?
- nutrition
2. body reserves
where is glucose stored and as what?
in the liver and the muscles as glycogen
where are lipids stored and as what?
in adipose tissue as fatty acids
what is often the first symptom of most disease in animals?
animal stops eating
what is the feeding state?
complex nutrient breakdown, transport, and use
where do carbohydrates go from the intestines once they are converted into glucose? (BLAMBR) in the feeding state
- blood: raise insulin and lower glucagon levels
- liver: energy production and storage as glycogen
- adipose tissue: combine with fatty acids as glycerol and are stored in adipose as triglycerides
- muscles: some energy production and storage as glycogen
- brain: energy
- RBCs: conversion to pyruvate or lactate
where does fat (triglycerides) go after the intestines? in the feeding state
travels as fatty acids attached to chylomicrons through the blood, combines with glycerol and is stored as triglyceride in adipose tissue
what happens to protein after the small intestine? in the feeding state
converted to amino acids, where is goes to the TISSUES to synthesize protein and other important compounds
what is the body’s main energy source?
glucose
when the body’s energy demand is higher, what will the body do to adapt?
break down fat in adipose tissue to produce energy or new glucose
what 4 main things happen in the fasting state?
- liver glycogen becomes glucose
- adipose lipids become free fatty acids and glycerol that enter blood
- musscle glycogen can be used for energy; muscles also use fatty acids and break down their proteins to amino acids that enter the blood
- brain can use only glucose and ketones for energy, so all molecules must be converted to that for use
what must happen to liver glycogen stores in order for them to be useful? in the fasting state
converted to glucose through glycogenolysis
what happens to the glucose produced through glycogenolysis in the liver (3)? in the fasting state
- some used for direct energy production
- other glucose goes to the brain for energy production there
- rest of the glucose gets sent to muscles, converted to pyruvate for energy production
what happens to fatty acids in the liver in the fasting state?
converted to ketone bodies that get sent to the brain for energy production or to the muscles for energy production
what 2 things can triglyceride stored in adipose tissue be converted to in the fasting state?
- free fatty acids
2. glycerol
what happens to the free fatty acids from adipose tissue triglyceride stores during the fasting state?
- go to the liver to be converted to ketone bodies to get sent to the brain for energy production
- go to the muscles for energy production
what happens to proteins in the muscle during the fasting state?
get broken down to amino acids for either energy production in muscles or undergo gluconeogenesis to enter liver as glucose and get sent other places
what happens to stored glycogen in muscles during fasting state?
broken down to either pyruvate for energy production or gluconeogenesis, or down further into lactate for gluconeogenesis
what happens to the glycerol broken down from aidpose tissue triglyceride stores during the fasting state?
undergoes gluconeogenesis and enters liver as glucose to be sent other places
what is homeostasis?
the tendency of biological systems to maintain relatively constant conditions in interal environment while adjusting to fluctuations within or outside the system
what is a feedback loop? what are the 6 parts?
a system used to control the level of a variable in which there is an identifiable
- initiation or stimulus of event
- variable that changes in response to event or effectors
- receptor (sensor)
- control center (integrator or comparator)
- effectors
- methods of communication
identify all 5 other parts in a feedback loop where the initiating event is conditions that cause body temperature to decrease
1st from problem (initiation or stimulus of event is body temp cold)
- body temperature is variable
- thermoreceptors that sense temp change are receptors
- control center is hypothalamus comparing new body temp against 98.6 test point
- effectors are muscles shivering and blood vessels increasing, which increase body temp
- nerves and shit are methods of communication idk
identify all 5 other parts in a feedback loop where the initiating event is eating increasing glucose in blood
1st from problem (inititation or stimuls of event is eating = glucose up)
- variable is blood glucose level
- beta cells in pancreas have glucose receptors
- beta cells produce and release insulin into the blood when above set point, beta cells are control center, that also have receptors for #3
- effectors are increased glucose uptake into fat and muscle cells and glucose stored as glycogen in liver and muscle cells, which decrease blood glucose levels
how does diabetes mess with homestasis?
body is unable to regulate insulin, feedback loop can’t happen in body naturally
what is homeorhesis?
the tendency of developing or changing organisms to continue development or adpating to their environment and changing towards a given state. THE ORCHESTRATED CONTROL AND COORDINATION IN METABOLISM OF BODY TISSUES NECESSARY TO SUPPORT A GIVEN PHYSIOLOGICAL STATE
give examples of homeorhesis
- pregnancy
- growth
- lactation
give 8 reasons why metabolic disease develop
- low quality diet
- inadequate or excessive intake of nutrients
- impairments in digestion, absorption, utilization, or storage of nutrients
- imbalances and antagonisms among nutrients
- excessive excretion of nutrients
- increased nutrient requirements by cells, tissues, or the whole body due to physiological or environmental changes; abnormal metabolic control
- dehydration
- toxins in environment and diet
what has more nutrients, old grass or new grass? which would make a better quality diet?
new grass
what are two examples of inadequate or excessive intake of nutrients?
- not enough vitamins or minerals
2. too well-fed
when does impairment in digestion, absorption, utilization, or storage of nutrients occur (2)?
- congenital diseases
2. diarrhea
when does excessive excretion of nutrients occur?
- with most kidney problems
2. protein or glucose leak
