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Animal Health and Diseases > Metabolism and Nutrition > Flashcards

Metabolism and Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

what is metabolism?

A

the sume of the chemical reactions that take place within each cell of a living organism

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2
Q

what is anabolism?

A

building up reactions in metabolism, the creation/synthesis of complex molecules starting from smaller units, which REQUIRES energy

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3
Q

what is catabolism?

A

production of energy to maintain other portions of metabolism

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4
Q

do anabolism and metabolism have to happen separately? give an example?

A

no they hapen in tandem, as in the case of the catabolic breakdown of lipids (lipolysis) to produce milk, and those broken down lipids going to the liver for glycogenesis (anabolic)

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5
Q

what is the energy-yielding metabolism?

A

catabolism

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6
Q

what is the biosynthetic metabolism?

A

anabolism

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7
Q

what is the goal of catabolism?

A

energy production

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8
Q

in catabolism, what does protein undergo to break down into usable amino acids?

A

proteolysis

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9
Q

in catabolism, what do polysaccharides (sugars) undergo to break down into usable monosaccharides?

A

glycolysis

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10
Q

in catabolism, what do complex lipids (mainly triglycerides) undergo to break down itno usable fatty acids?

A

lipolysis

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11
Q

what is the origin of complex molecules?

A
  1. nutrition

2. body reserves

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12
Q

where is glucose stored and as what?

A

in the liver and the muscles as glycogen

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13
Q

where are lipids stored and as what?

A

in adipose tissue as fatty acids

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14
Q

what is often the first symptom of most disease in animals?

A

animal stops eating

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15
Q

what is the feeding state?

A

complex nutrient breakdown, transport, and use

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16
Q

where do carbohydrates go from the intestines once they are converted into glucose? (BLAMBR) in the feeding state

A
  1. blood: raise insulin and lower glucagon levels
  2. liver: energy production and storage as glycogen
  3. adipose tissue: combine with fatty acids as glycerol and are stored in adipose as triglycerides
  4. muscles: some energy production and storage as glycogen
  5. brain: energy
  6. RBCs: conversion to pyruvate or lactate
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17
Q

where does fat (triglycerides) go after the intestines? in the feeding state

A

travels as fatty acids attached to chylomicrons through the blood, combines with glycerol and is stored as triglyceride in adipose tissue

18
Q

what happens to protein after the small intestine? in the feeding state

A

converted to amino acids, where is goes to the TISSUES to synthesize protein and other important compounds

19
Q

what is the body’s main energy source?

A

glucose

20
Q

when the body’s energy demand is higher, what will the body do to adapt?

A

break down fat in adipose tissue to produce energy or new glucose

21
Q

what 4 main things happen in the fasting state?

A
  1. liver glycogen becomes glucose
  2. adipose lipids become free fatty acids and glycerol that enter blood
  3. musscle glycogen can be used for energy; muscles also use fatty acids and break down their proteins to amino acids that enter the blood
  4. brain can use only glucose and ketones for energy, so all molecules must be converted to that for use
22
Q

what must happen to liver glycogen stores in order for them to be useful? in the fasting state

A

converted to glucose through glycogenolysis

23
Q

what happens to the glucose produced through glycogenolysis in the liver (3)? in the fasting state

A
  1. some used for direct energy production
  2. other glucose goes to the brain for energy production there
  3. rest of the glucose gets sent to muscles, converted to pyruvate for energy production
24
Q

what happens to fatty acids in the liver in the fasting state?

A

converted to ketone bodies that get sent to the brain for energy production or to the muscles for energy production

25
Q

what 2 things can triglyceride stored in adipose tissue be converted to in the fasting state?

A
  1. free fatty acids

2. glycerol

26
Q

what happens to the free fatty acids from adipose tissue triglyceride stores during the fasting state?

A
  1. go to the liver to be converted to ketone bodies to get sent to the brain for energy production
  2. go to the muscles for energy production
27
Q

what happens to proteins in the muscle during the fasting state?

A

get broken down to amino acids for either energy production in muscles or undergo gluconeogenesis to enter liver as glucose and get sent other places

28
Q

what happens to stored glycogen in muscles during fasting state?

A

broken down to either pyruvate for energy production or gluconeogenesis, or down further into lactate for gluconeogenesis

29
Q

what happens to the glycerol broken down from aidpose tissue triglyceride stores during the fasting state?

A

undergoes gluconeogenesis and enters liver as glucose to be sent other places

30
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

the tendency of biological systems to maintain relatively constant conditions in interal environment while adjusting to fluctuations within or outside the system

31
Q

what is a feedback loop? what are the 6 parts?

A

a system used to control the level of a variable in which there is an identifiable

  1. initiation or stimulus of event
  2. variable that changes in response to event or effectors
  3. receptor (sensor)
  4. control center (integrator or comparator)
  5. effectors
  6. methods of communication
32
Q

identify all 5 other parts in a feedback loop where the initiating event is conditions that cause body temperature to decrease

A

1st from problem (initiation or stimulus of event is body temp cold)

  1. body temperature is variable
  2. thermoreceptors that sense temp change are receptors
  3. control center is hypothalamus comparing new body temp against 98.6 test point
  4. effectors are muscles shivering and blood vessels increasing, which increase body temp
  5. nerves and shit are methods of communication idk
33
Q

identify all 5 other parts in a feedback loop where the initiating event is eating increasing glucose in blood

A

1st from problem (inititation or stimuls of event is eating = glucose up)

  1. variable is blood glucose level
  2. beta cells in pancreas have glucose receptors
  3. beta cells produce and release insulin into the blood when above set point, beta cells are control center, that also have receptors for #3
  4. effectors are increased glucose uptake into fat and muscle cells and glucose stored as glycogen in liver and muscle cells, which decrease blood glucose levels
34
Q

how does diabetes mess with homestasis?

A

body is unable to regulate insulin, feedback loop can’t happen in body naturally

35
Q

what is homeorhesis?

A

the tendency of developing or changing organisms to continue development or adpating to their environment and changing towards a given state. THE ORCHESTRATED CONTROL AND COORDINATION IN METABOLISM OF BODY TISSUES NECESSARY TO SUPPORT A GIVEN PHYSIOLOGICAL STATE

36
Q

give examples of homeorhesis

A
  1. pregnancy
  2. growth
  3. lactation
37
Q

give 8 reasons why metabolic disease develop

A
  1. low quality diet
  2. inadequate or excessive intake of nutrients
  3. impairments in digestion, absorption, utilization, or storage of nutrients
  4. imbalances and antagonisms among nutrients
  5. excessive excretion of nutrients
  6. increased nutrient requirements by cells, tissues, or the whole body due to physiological or environmental changes; abnormal metabolic control
  7. dehydration
  8. toxins in environment and diet
38
Q

what has more nutrients, old grass or new grass? which would make a better quality diet?

A

new grass

39
Q

what are two examples of inadequate or excessive intake of nutrients?

A
  1. not enough vitamins or minerals

2. too well-fed

40
Q

when does impairment in digestion, absorption, utilization, or storage of nutrients occur (2)?

A
  1. congenital diseases

2. diarrhea

41
Q

when does excessive excretion of nutrients occur?

A
  1. with most kidney problems

2. protein or glucose leak

Animal Health and Diseases (24 decks)

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