Metabolic Diseases 2.0 Flashcards
1
Q
what super important thing causes hepatic lipidosis?
A
a negative energy balance!
2
Q
what is hepatic lipidosis known as in cattle?
A
fatty liver disease
3
Q
what does hepatic lipidosis cause in ewes and goats?
A
pregnancy toxemia
4
Q
what does hepatic lipidosis cause in laying hens?
A
fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome
5
Q
define fatty liver disease in cattle as caused by hepatic lipidosis or hepatic steatosis
A
state of negative energy balance and one of the important metabolic diseases in postpartum dairy cows
6
Q
what 5 things cause fatty liver disease in cattle?
A
- periparturient depression of feed intake
- hormonal changes during parturition
- lactogenesis
- high BCS
- underconditioned animals
7
Q
describe how hormonal changes during parturition can cause fatty liver disease in cattle
A
homeorhetic state cause the liver to increaseglucose production for mammary glands
8
Q
describe how a high BCS can lead to fatty liver disease in cattle
A
these cows will tend to mobilize more of their body stores to support pregnancy and milk production
9
Q
how does underconditioning lead to fatty liver disease in cattle?
A
they have no adipose tissue to mobilize energy stores from to support milk production
10
Q
describe the mammary gland during lactation period
A
the Dairy Queen! dictates all
11
Q
what does the mammary gland need to produce lipoproteins for milk?
A
VLDL (very low density lipoprotein)
12
Q
what is required to make VLDL for the liporoteins for milk production?
A
muscle and adipose tissue needs to break down stores and send to liver for VLDL production
13
Q
what are NEFAs? what 3 things are they converted to during lactation?
A
non-esterified fatty acids, or free fatty acids, that are converted to ATP and ketones OR VLDL
14
Q
describe the pathogenesis of hepatic lipidosis in cattle
A
- creation of VLDL and it being sent to the mammary gland can only occur at one, relatively high, speed
- the accumulation of triglycerides while waiting for those VLDLs to be converted to lipoproteins in the liver leads to hepatic lipidosis
- a fatty liver cannot transform ammonia to urea
- buildup of toxic ammonia leads to neurological symptoms
15
Q
are there any pathognomonic signs for fatty liver disease in cattle?
A
no
16
Q
what signs and symptoms are observed in cattle experiencing hepatic lipidosis/hepatic steatosis? (5)
A
- feed intake depression
- decreased milk production
- ketosis
- hypoglycemia
- high NEFA!!!
17
Q
what often occcurs with fatty liver disease in cattle concurrently?
A
other diseases like
- metritis
- mastitis
- abomasal displacement
- or hypocalcemia
18
Q
which is better for fatty liver disease: prevention or treatment?
A
prevention
19
Q
whenis prevention most effective for hepatic lipidosis in cattle?
A
one week before and one week after calving
20
Q
what are 4 prevention strategies for fatty liver disease in cattle?
A
- avoid overconditioning cattle (BCS of 4.00 or higher)
- minimize stress
- feed proplyene glycol
- feed glucose and glucose precursors to stimulate insulin production
21
Q
what is the only demonstrated treatment for hepatic lipidosis in cattle?
A
long-term IV infusion of glucagon
22
Q
what is the controversy on the use of glucocorticoids in fattly liver disease in cattle similar to?
A
the same controversy as in ketosis (depresses immune system, could increase risk for mastitis)
23
Q
what is hepatic lipodosis also referred to in ewes and goats?
A
pregnancy toxemia, two-lamb disease, pregnancy ketosis
24
Q
when does hepatic lipidosis occur in ewes and goats
A
in late gestation (pre-lambing, pre-kidding)
25
what asks for more nutrients in hepatic lipidosis in ewes and goats as opposed to cattle?
it's now the fetus asking for more instead of the mammary gland
26
what are the causes of hepatic lipidosis in ewes and goats? (5)
1. insufficient energy density in feed
2. decrease in proprionic acid (a glucose precursos) leads to decreased glucose levels which leads to mobilization of body energy stores
3. reduced rumen capacity
4. under or over-conditioned animals
5. animals carrying mutiple fetuses
27
describe the pathogenesis of hepatic lipidosis in ewes and goats (7)
1. increased glucose uptake by glucose-dependent fetusus leads to
2. hypoglycemia which leads to
3. liver gluconeogenesis which leads to
4. lipolysis in fat leads to
5. use of NEFA to produce BHB leads to
6. triglycerides accumulate in liver leads to
7. reduced liver function which could result in fetal death
28
when do most cases of hepatic lipidosis develop in ewes and goats?
1-3weeks before parturition
29
list the initial symptoms of hepatic lipidosis in ewes and goats (5)
1. decreased aggression, especially in grain consumption
2. increased laying down bouts
3. listlessness
4. aimless walking
5. muscle twitching, neck extension, teeth grinding
30
list the later symptoms (after 2-4 days) of hepatic lipidosis in ewes and goats (5)
1. blindness
2. ataxia
3. sternal recumbency
4. coma
5. death
31
describe body fluid (blood and urine symptoms) of hepatic lipidosis in ewes and goats
1. hypoglycemia in about 60% of cases
2. increased blood and urine ketones
3. hypocalcemia occasionally
4. increased NEFA
32
describe treatment in the early stages of hepatic lipidosis in ewes and goats (4 things given)
proplyene glycol + calcium + potassium + insulin
33
describe treatment in the advanced stages of hepatic lipidosis in ewes and goats
1. usually unrewarding, euthanize and check flock for other cases
2. if fetal loss or mom close to due date, perform c section
34
describe prevention of hepatic lipidosis in ewes and goats
1. BCS check in early stages of pregnancy (leave time to make changes if needed)
2. check BHB levels as flock management
3. group feeding management, closely watch females pregnant with twins or triplets
35
what is hepatic lipidosis also called in laying hens?
fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome
36
describe fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome in laying hens
excessive fat in the liver of prolific laying hens, associated with varying degrees of hemorrhage
37
in what conditions is fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome more common in laying hens? (2)
1. caged birds fed high-energy feed
| 2. white-egg layers in warm, summer months
38
what kind of energy balance causes fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome in laying hens?
POSITIVE energy balance due to the increased energy intake
39
describe ovary activity in fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome in laying hens
continues at first, but reduced number of eggs produced over time
40
describe prevention of fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrom in laying hens
don't allow excess positive energy balance; exhange corn for other grains and reduce glucose intake
41
what is hypocalcemia in cows also referred to?
milk fever, parturient paresis
42
describe the range of presentation of hypocalcemia in cattle
actue to peracute, afebrile, flaccid paralysis of mature cows
43
what is noticed in afebrile hypocalcemia in cows?
temperature goes down, ears are cold
44
describe the pathogenesis of hypocalcemia in cows (3)
1. when 20-30g of calcium being sent to milk or colostrum per day, blood calcium levels drop, leading to
2. hyperexcitability of the nervous system, which causes
3. reduced muscle strength, which is why hypocalcemic cows are often found laying down
45
when does hypocalcemia most often occur in cattle?
within 72 hours post calving
46
what can hypocalcemia in cattle contribute to?
dystocia, uterine prolapse, retained placenta, metritis, abomasal displacement, mastitis
47
how many stages of hypocalcemia are there?
3
48
describe the first stage of hypocalcemia in cattle
hypersensitivity and excitability; ataxia and tremors
49
describe stage 2 of hypocalcemia in cattle
sternal recumbency, cold body temp, tachycardia, decreased heart sounds
50
describe the third stage of hypocalcemia in cattle
loss of consciousness, muscle flaccidity, and unresponsive
51
is hypocalcemia in cattle and downer cow syndrome the same thing?
nope
52
describe treatment of hypocalcemia in cows
IV injection of calcium gluconate; subq or intraperitoneal as a slow infusion over 10-20 minutes
53
how quick is animal response to treatment for hypocalcemia in cows?
immediate; 75% of cows will stand after just 2 hors post treatment
54
if response to treatment for hypocalcemia in cows is not immediate, what should you do?
reevaluate and retreat after 4-8 hours, watch carefully because 25-30% will relapse in 24-48 hours post treatment
55
what is important to keep in mind when treating hypocalcemia in cows with IV injection of calcium gluconate? what can you do to counteract this?
calcium is cardiotoxic! administer magnesium to help protect
56
describe 3 methods of prevention of hypocalcemia in cows
1. low calcium diet during dry period
2. incomplete or delayed milking post-calving
3. use of vitamin D3 and precursors
57
describe regulation of blood calcium levels in ruminants
1. blood calcium levels decrease, which
2. stimulates the release of PTH, which does two things:
3a. stimulates osteoclasts to break down and transfer calcium and K+ from the bone to the blood, which raises blood calcium levels and
3b. targets the kidney, activating a hormone called 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3, and the release of that hormone stimulates the rumen to absorb more calcium, which also raises blood calcium levels
58
describe downer cow syndrome
ischemic (lack of O2) myopathy of large muscles of pelvic limbs or damage of sciatic nerve or its branches
59
what is downer cow syndrome secondary to?
prologned sternal recumbency
60
what is downer cow syndrome associated with? (3)
1. milk fever (hypocalcemia) or dystocia
2. injury of bone, joints, and muscles
3. undertermined etiologies (anything lol)
61
what are the 2 types of downer-cow syndrome?
1. alert downer cow
| 2. non-alert downer cow
62
describe alert downer cow syndrome
sternal recumbency, normal mental status, vital signs, and alimentary tracts
63
what is the prognosis for alert downer cows?
most will stand in a few days if provided with good clinical care
64
describe non-alert downer cow syndrome
persistent recumbency with altered mentation and vital signs; unable to maintain sternal recumbency; abnormal leg position; groaning; anorexia
65
what is the prognosis for non-alert downer cows?
will die in several days
66
describe what you would see in lab work of downer cows
increased serum activity of creatinine kinase, proteinuria, and myoglobinuria
67
describe treatment of downer cow syndrome (5)
1. excellent bedding or ground surface such as sand or dirt pack
2. roll animal from side to side every few hours
3. anti-inflammatory therapy/pain management
4. fluid and electrolyte therapy
5. hoist cows making attempts to stand (help em out dude)
68
describe 3 methods of prevention of downer cow syndrome
1. observe cow carefully 12-24 hours pre and post calving
2. if recumbent, do not delay treatment longer than one hour
3. treat all high-risk cows with calcium salts orally to prevent clinical milk fever
69
what is hypocalcemia in goats and sheep also called?
parturient paresis
70
when is hypocalcemia in goats and sheep observed most often?
in pregnant and lactating does and ewes with acute onset
71
list 2 causes for hypocalcemia in goats and sheep
1. high calcoum needed for fetal skeleton mineralization
| 2. mobilization of calcium may be deficient in older animals or deficient in diet
72
how does hypocalcemia in goats and sheep occur? (talking about the herd or flock here)
characteristically occurs in outbreaks
73
what are the symptoms of hypocalcemia in goats and sheep similar to?
hypocalcemia symptoms in cattle
74
what does hypocalcemia in goats and sheep usually occur with?
pregnancy toxemia (hepatic lipidosis)
75
how do you treat hypocalcemia in goats and sheep?
IV calcium borogluconate that may contain phosphorous, magnesium, and dextrose
76
how can you prevent hypocalcemia in goats and sheep?
dietary modification to increase the calcium to phosphorous ratio
77
what is hypocalcemia in small animals also called? (3)
1. postpartum hypocalcemia
2. puerpural tetany
3. eclampsia
78
describe hypocalcemia in small animals
acute life threatening condition; could happen during partution or lactation and is a cause of dystocia
79
when is hypocalcemia in animals most often observed?
at the peak of lactation (2-3 weeks after whelping)
80
describe the causes of hypocalcemia in small animals
1. due to heavy lactational demands from large puppies or large litters
2. excessive intake of calcium in pregnancy = predisposed to eclampsia
81
what are the symptoms of hypocalcemia in small animals? (9) bascially the opposite of cattle and small ruminants
1. panting and restlessness
2. milk tremor
3. twitching
4. muscle spasms and gait changes
5. behavioral changes
6. hypersensitivity to stimuli
7. hyperthermia in severe cases
8. tachycardia
9. seizures
82
is paresis or muscle flaccidity as common in hypocalcemia in small animals?
no
83
how do you diagnose hypocalcemia in small animals?
measure serum calcium
84
how do you treat hypocalcemia in small animals?
IV calcium gluconate
85
how do you prevent hypocalcemia in small animals?
management of litter suckling times
86
what is hypocalcemia in horses also called?
hypocalcemic tetany
87
describe hypocalcemia in horses
acute depletion of serum ionized calcium
88
when does hypocalcemia in horses occur?
1. after porlonged exercise or transportation
| 2. in lactating mares
89
describe the pathogenesis of hypocalcemia in horses
1. decreased absorption of calcium in GI tracts causes
2. loss of calcium in the kidneys, which leads to
3. excretion of calcium in sweat or milk, which causes
4. alteration in PTH, calcitonin, or vitamin D3 levels
90
what are the symptoms of hypocalcemia in horses similar to?
hypocalcemia symptoms in small animals (excitation instead of depression)
91
how do you treat hypocalcemia in horses?
20% calcium borogluconate
92
how do you prevent hypocalcemia in horses?
balanced diets and providing water and electrolytes during transportation
