Hematology Flashcards
what are 3 methods of blood sample collection?
- vacutainer, fastest
- syringe
- capillary: needle in vein, blood drips through tube
what color is arterial blood?
BRIGHT red
what color is venous blood?
DARK red
which blood has more oxygen?
arterial
which blood has more CO2?
venous blood
which blood is richer in waste metabolites such as urea?
venous blood
which blood is used for routine blood tests?
venous blood
which blood is used to determine arterial blood gases?
arterial blood, duh
what vein/artery is used when collecting coccygeal blood? what is it also called?
the coccygeal vein or artery; tail vein/artery
what volume of blood can be collected from the coccygeal vein/artery?
moderate (<10mL)
what kind of IV injection volume can be used with the coccygeal vein/artery?
very small volumes
is it easy to tell what type of blood (venous/arterial) you are getting from the coccygeal vein/artery? what assumption can you make though?
not easy to differentiate, but is mostly venous
discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using the coccygeal vein/artery for blood collection
easy access, but restraint (headlocks at least) is required
when is coccygeal vein/artery used?
cattle, swine, lab animals
what kind of volumes can be collected from the jugular vein? what kinds of IV injections can be used?
very large volumes for both blood collection and IV injection; catheters can be used
what kind of blood comes from the jugular vein?
ALWAYS venous blood
discuss advantages and disadvantages of jugular vein blood collection
easy access AND visualization, but required body AND head restraint
when is jugular bleeding often used?
slaughter house
what do you need to be aware of and careful with when collecting blood from the jugular vein?
it runs close to the vagus nerve (largest nerve in body) so be very careful not to hit nerve
when is jugular blood collection often used?
swine, cats, ruminants
what are the 3 veins that allow for blood collection from limbs and where are they located?
- cephalic vein: front limb
- saphenouc vein: hind limb
- brachial vein: wing (for chickens, birds)
what vein allows for blood collection from the ear and in what animals is it commonly used?
auricular vein; rabbits, pigs
what are the 7 types of blood cells
- erythrocytes
- eosinophils
- neutrophils
- basophils
- monocytes
- lymphocytes
- platelets
in what cases will we see an increase of total protein in the blood?
dehydration and chronic inflammation
why will we see an increase of total protein in inflammation?
lymphocytes increase antibodies
in what cases will we see a decrease of total protein in the blood?
overhydration, edema, protein losing nephropathy and enteropathy, diet deficiency, burns, malabsorption
where is albumin synthesized?
in the liver
what is the function of albumin?
protein transport and osmosis
in what case will we see an increase of albumin in the blood?
dehydration
in what case will we see a decrease of albumin in the blood and why?
in liver failure; albumin synethesized in liver so if liver no work no albumin
what is creatinine?
a product of muscle metabolism
what clears out creatinine from the body?
the kidneys
in what cases would we see an increase of creatinine in the blood?
renal failure, blocked urethra (can’t clear out from kdiney through pee), bladder rupture
what does the basal creatinine value of an animal depend on?
animal muscle mass
what are the 4 indicators of cellular damage in lab analysis?
- ALT and AST
- ALP
- GDH and YGT
- CK
what is ALT and AST?
alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferae
where is ALT and AST found?
present in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes
when would we see an increase in ALT and AST in lab analysis and why?
in liver damage (present in liver cells, liver damaged and cells go to blood = see in blood)
what is ALP?
alkaline phosphatase
where is alkaline phosphatase (ALP) found? what is it related with?
present in multiple tissues, related with tissue damage
in what cases will we see an increase in ALP in lab analysis?
- bone deposition
- liver damage
- inestinal damage
- generalized tissue damage (neoplasia)
- steroids
what is CK?
creatinine kinase, the muscle enzyme
when will we see CK in lab analysis?
muscle damage, even small bruising or IM injection
what is GDH and YGT?
glucose dehydrogenase and gamma glutamyl transferase
what is GDH and YGT related with?
hepatocellular damage in horses and ruminants
what does the presence of bilirubin and bile acid indicate?
liver damage and hemolysis
what does the presence of increased lipase, alpha-Amylase, and immunoreactive trypsin indicate?
pancreas damage
what is one additional test to narrow your diagnosis?
testing fibrinogen and coagulation factors
