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Animal Health and Diseases > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

what are 3 methods of blood sample collection?

A
  1. vacutainer, fastest
  2. syringe
  3. capillary: needle in vein, blood drips through tube
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2
Q

what color is arterial blood?

A

BRIGHT red

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3
Q

what color is venous blood?

A

DARK red

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4
Q

which blood has more oxygen?

A

arterial

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5
Q

which blood has more CO2?

A

venous blood

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6
Q

which blood is richer in waste metabolites such as urea?

A

venous blood

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7
Q

which blood is used for routine blood tests?

A

venous blood

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8
Q

which blood is used to determine arterial blood gases?

A

arterial blood, duh

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9
Q

what vein/artery is used when collecting coccygeal blood? what is it also called?

A

the coccygeal vein or artery; tail vein/artery

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10
Q

what volume of blood can be collected from the coccygeal vein/artery?

A

moderate (<10mL)

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11
Q

what kind of IV injection volume can be used with the coccygeal vein/artery?

A

very small volumes

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12
Q

is it easy to tell what type of blood (venous/arterial) you are getting from the coccygeal vein/artery? what assumption can you make though?

A

not easy to differentiate, but is mostly venous

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13
Q

discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using the coccygeal vein/artery for blood collection

A

easy access, but restraint (headlocks at least) is required

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14
Q

when is coccygeal vein/artery used?

A

cattle, swine, lab animals

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15
Q

what kind of volumes can be collected from the jugular vein? what kinds of IV injections can be used?

A

very large volumes for both blood collection and IV injection; catheters can be used

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16
Q

what kind of blood comes from the jugular vein?

A

ALWAYS venous blood

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17
Q

discuss advantages and disadvantages of jugular vein blood collection

A

easy access AND visualization, but required body AND head restraint

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18
Q

when is jugular bleeding often used?

A

slaughter house

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19
Q

what do you need to be aware of and careful with when collecting blood from the jugular vein?

A

it runs close to the vagus nerve (largest nerve in body) so be very careful not to hit nerve

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20
Q

when is jugular blood collection often used?

A

swine, cats, ruminants

21
Q

what are the 3 veins that allow for blood collection from limbs and where are they located?

A
  1. cephalic vein: front limb
  2. saphenouc vein: hind limb
  3. brachial vein: wing (for chickens, birds)
22
Q

what vein allows for blood collection from the ear and in what animals is it commonly used?

A

auricular vein; rabbits, pigs

23
Q

what are the 7 types of blood cells

A
  1. erythrocytes
  2. eosinophils
  3. neutrophils
  4. basophils
  5. monocytes
  6. lymphocytes
  7. platelets
24
Q

in what cases will we see an increase of total protein in the blood?

A

dehydration and chronic inflammation

25
Q

why will we see an increase of total protein in inflammation?

A

lymphocytes increase antibodies

26
Q

in what cases will we see a decrease of total protein in the blood?

A

overhydration, edema, protein losing nephropathy and enteropathy, diet deficiency, burns, malabsorption

27
Q

where is albumin synthesized?

A

in the liver

28
Q

what is the function of albumin?

A

protein transport and osmosis

29
Q

in what case will we see an increase of albumin in the blood?

A

dehydration

30
Q

in what case will we see a decrease of albumin in the blood and why?

A

in liver failure; albumin synethesized in liver so if liver no work no albumin

31
Q

what is creatinine?

A

a product of muscle metabolism

32
Q

what clears out creatinine from the body?

A

the kidneys

33
Q

in what cases would we see an increase of creatinine in the blood?

A

renal failure, blocked urethra (can’t clear out from kdiney through pee), bladder rupture

34
Q

what does the basal creatinine value of an animal depend on?

A

animal muscle mass

35
Q

what are the 4 indicators of cellular damage in lab analysis?

A
  1. ALT and AST
  2. ALP
  3. GDH and YGT
  4. CK
36
Q

what is ALT and AST?

A

alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferae

37
Q

where is ALT and AST found?

A

present in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes

38
Q

when would we see an increase in ALT and AST in lab analysis and why?

A

in liver damage (present in liver cells, liver damaged and cells go to blood = see in blood)

39
Q

what is ALP?

A

alkaline phosphatase

40
Q

where is alkaline phosphatase (ALP) found? what is it related with?

A

present in multiple tissues, related with tissue damage

41
Q

in what cases will we see an increase in ALP in lab analysis?

A
  1. bone deposition
  2. liver damage
  3. inestinal damage
  4. generalized tissue damage (neoplasia)
  5. steroids
42
Q

what is CK?

A

creatinine kinase, the muscle enzyme

43
Q

when will we see CK in lab analysis?

A

muscle damage, even small bruising or IM injection

44
Q

what is GDH and YGT?

A

glucose dehydrogenase and gamma glutamyl transferase

45
Q

what is GDH and YGT related with?

A

hepatocellular damage in horses and ruminants

46
Q

what does the presence of bilirubin and bile acid indicate?

A

liver damage and hemolysis

47
Q

what does the presence of increased lipase, alpha-Amylase, and immunoreactive trypsin indicate?

A

pancreas damage

48
Q

what is one additional test to narrow your diagnosis?

A

testing fibrinogen and coagulation factors

Animal Health and Diseases (24 decks)

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