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Animal Health and Diseases > Metabolic Diseases 3.0 > Flashcards

Metabolic Diseases 3.0 Flashcards

1
Q

is magnesium absorption and secretion regulated by hormones?

A

nope!!

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2
Q

what is the second most common intracellular ion? where is it commonly found?

A

magnesium, found mostly in bones and soft tissues

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3
Q

is there a lot of magnesium to be found in the blood?

A

nope, very small amounts of magnesium in extracellular fluids

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4
Q

is magnesium evenly distributed in the tissues? what does this mean?

A

no, so it yields a slower recovery when depleted or elevated than calcium, which is evenly distributed

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5
Q

what is an enzymatic cofactor that is required for enzyme activation?

A

magnesium

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6
Q

what VERY important processes is magnesium important for the function of?

A

the sodium potassium pump and calcium functions

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7
Q

what does dysregulation of magnesium cause problems with due to its role in the sodium potassium pump and clacium functions?

A

causes problems with msucle tone

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8
Q

do ruminants or non-ruminants absorb magnesium more efficiently?

A

non-ruminants absorb more efficiently, so ruminants absorb less efficiently

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9
Q

in what species/breed is dysregulation of magnesium more common in and why?

A

in beef cattle when the soil/grass is low in magnesium content

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10
Q

what is hypomagnesemia in cattle and sheep also called? (3)

A
  1. hypomagnesemic tetany
  2. grass tetany = most common
  3. grass staggers
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11
Q

describe the 3 etiologies of hypomagnesemia in cattle and sheep

A
  1. magnesium levels decrease when dietary absorption cannot meet maintenance and lactation necessities
  2. reduced feed intake or grazing from short-grass dominant pastures
  3. when grass is fertilized with potassium or nitrogen, which causes decreased magnesium absorption
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12
Q

describe why potassium and nitrogen being common fertilizers is bad for magnesium levels

A

they are antagonists to Mg2+ absorption

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13
Q

describe prevention of hypomagnesemia in cattle in dairies

A

TMR includes Mg2+

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14
Q

list the clinical findings of hypomagnesemia in cattle and sheep (2)

A
  1. cattle throw up their heads, gallop, fall, and exhibit severe paddling convulsions
  2. in many cases you’ll just find the animal dead, moves fast
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15
Q

how do you diagnosis hypomagnesemia in cattle and sheep?

A

can really only diagnose by response to treatment

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16
Q

why can you only diagnoses hypomagnesemia in cattle and sheep by response to treatment?

A

Mg2+ isnt really in the blood, so bloodwork won’t help you

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17
Q

what are magnesium levels in the body dependent upon and why?

A

dependent on ingestion, secretion, and absorption because not regulated by hormones

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18
Q

how do you treat a suspected hypomagnesemia case in cattle and sheep?

A

IV calcium and Mg sokutions

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19
Q

what is a common cocktail treatment for suspected hypomagnesemia in cattle and sheep?

A

CMPK:

Ca2+, Mg2+. Phosporous, Potassium, covers all bases

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20
Q

what is the best treatment for hypomagnesemia in cattle and sheep? how is this accomplished?

A

prevention!

  1. feed Mg oxide
  2. use slow-release (big bolus) devices that stay in the rumen and work over time
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21
Q

hypomagnesemia in critically ill animals is common in what animals?

A

subclinical hypomagnesemia common in critically ill horses and small animals

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22
Q

in what critically ill situations can you also find hpyomagnesemia?

A
  1. ICU cats and dogs
  2. hospitalized horses
  3. colic horses
  4. horses with entercolitis
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23
Q

what is hypomagnesemia in critically ill animals due to? (4)

A
  1. altered Mg homestasis: inability to keep up Mg2+ distribution
  2. cellular or third space redistribution: moves to tissues = lower in blood
  3. GI loss of Mg = vomit, so need to supply extra Mg and electrolytes to replenish what was lost
  4. diuresis secondary to IV fluids not supplemented with Mg (loss of Mg through urine)
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24
Q

name 7 things that a defiency of could produce anemia

A
  1. iron
  2. copper
  3. Vitamin B12
  4. vitamin B6
  5. riboflavin
  6. niacin
  7. vitamin E
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25
what is the most common cause of anemia in piglets?
low iron (decreased hemoglobin synthesis)
26
describe the ridiculous amount of growth that occurs in piglets
10% of their body weight in growth
27
describe the pathogenesis of anemia in piglets
1. young piglets have minimal iron stores and 2. milk contains low concentrations of iron so 3. high growth iron necessity is not met
28
list the symptoms of anemia (iron deficiency) in pigs (6)
1. extreme fatigue 2. weakness 3. shortness of breath 4. cold feet 5. retarded growth 6. skin is white, not pink
29
how do you prevent anemia in piglets?
IM injection of 200 mg of iron in the first days after birth should be enough to supply to fast-growing piglets
30
what caused anemia in pigs to be such a large problem a while ago?
selection for faster growth in piglets
31
why is anemia in piglets not so common anymore?
because we know about the problem, so we preventatively give IM injection of iron in first few days of life
32
describe the processing of piglets in the first 24-28 hours, including what is done to prevent anemia
1. castrate males 2. clip tails 3. trim teeth in some places 4. IRON INJECTION
33
what causes ruminal acidosis?
sudden ingestion of large amounts of highly fermentable carbohydrates
34
describe the cause of acute ruminal acidosis
accidental consumption of highly digestible feeds or rapid introduction to high-level grain diets in beef cattle and lambs
35
when does acute ruminal acidosis most often occur?
in feed lots
36
what is the most common form of ruminal acidosis in dairy cattle?
subacute
37
describe how subacute ruminal acidosis occurs in dairy cattle
introduction to high energy TMR when calving into barn from lactation
38
what does the ideal feed contain to prevent ruminal acidosis?
fiber roughages and highly digestible concentrates
39
describe the pathogenesis of ruminal acidosis
1. super quick fermentation causes the pH of ruminal fluid to drop below 5 which 2. decreases numbers of or inactivates rumen protozoa which leads to 3. an increase in blood lactate (acidic) or D-lactate concentration which causes a 4. secondary fungi infection
40
what happens in terms of rumen microbes when the pH of rumen fluid drops below 5.5?
increase of Lactobacillus (a highly resistant bacteria), which keeps on increasing acidity aand leads to death
41
what does a case of ruminal acidosis do to the rumen mucosa and what does this cause?
it damages rumen mucosa which decreases nutrient (VFA) absorption
42
what are the 3 VFAs whose absorption is decreased in ruminal acidosis?
1. acetic acid 2. proprionic acid 3. butyric acid
43
what are the signs of ruminal acidosis? (7)
1. anorexia 2. depression 3. dehydration 4. ruminal stasis 5. profuse diarrhea with sweet-sour odor of feces that may contain undigested kernels 6. weakness 7. ataxia leading to recumbency
44
describe the treatment of ruminal acidosis
1. rumen lavage or rumenotomy 2. aklalinizing agents, like baking soda 3. fluid and electrolyte therapy 4. restore forestomach and intestinal motiity by providing palatable hay
45
what is a rumen lavage and what is it used for?
tube with water down the rumen, used to treat ruminal acidosis
46
describe a rumenotomy and what it's used for
open cow on left side, reach in and get bad content out; used to treat ruminal acidosis
47
describe what kind of diet is used when treating ruminal acidosis
feed fiber and NO grains for a while
48
list 3 methods of prevention or ruminal acidosis
1. control accidental access to grain 2. gradual introduction to high-level grain diets in feed lots 3. TMR containing chopped roughage and grain to ensure controlled intake of carbohydrates
49
whcih side of the cow SHOULD the abomasum be on?
the right side
50
describe displaced abomasum
condition where the abomasum moves into an abnormal location
51
what are the 2 types of abomasal displacement?
1. Right side displacement | 2. Left side displacement
52
describe right side displaced abomasum
abomasum moves up onto squish cecum
53
describe left side displaced abomasum
abomasum moves beyween rumen and abdominal wall
54
what can both right or left side displaced abomasum be acompanied by?
volvulus
55
what is volvulus?
when the stomach turns in on itself and pinches, resulting in no way for gas to escape, can accompany both left and ride side abomasal displacement
56
what is the stomach, especially the rumen like in case of a volvulus? why?
a balloon, because the vacteria keep on fermenting and making more air in a cycle
57
in what breed of cow is abomasal displacement most common?
dairy cows
58
at what point in lactation does abomasal displacement most often occur?
early lactation
59
does an animal have to be a dairy cow early in her lactation cycle to experience displaced abomasum?
no it can affect any ruminant at any time and at any point in lactation
60
what are the 2 main risk factors for displaced abomasum?
1. elevated BCS | 2. early lactation
61
why is early lactation a risk factor for displaced abomasum? (3)
1. reduced dry matter intake 2. negative energy balance 3. baby make stomach smaller, so more room for stomach and rumen to twist and move around in there
62
list 3 diseases that decrease dry matter intake (DMI), acting as a risk factor for abomasal displacement
1. metritis 2. mastitis 3. ketosis
63
what are the clinical findings of displaced abomasum? (5)
1. decreased DM intake 2. decreased milk production 3. may be ketotic 4. signs of colic is displaced to R side 5. PINGS in auscultation due to high pressure
64
what are some other, more common clinical sigsn observed in cows with displaced abomasum?
1. depression 2. urine/blood ketones 3. elevated HR 4. dehydration 5. decreased stool
65
describe treatment of a mild case of displaced abomasum
1. IV glucose and calcium 2. proplyene glycol 3. pain meds
66
what are the 2 open surgical procedures to treat displaced abomasum?
1. L flank abomasopexy: move abomasum down, suture abdominal wall to hold in palce 2. R flank omentopexy: reach in, grab omentum, pull up and pull abomasum with it, and suture in place
67
what is the blind surgical technique for treating cows with displaced abomasum? how do you situate the cow and why?
Toggle suture: put cow on back for this because abomasum full of air will rise to surface for easy work
68
what are the 2 nonmedical, nonsurgical ways to treat/deal with a cow with abomasal displacement?
1. roll from R lateral to L lateral | 2. cull
69
what is the broad definition for colic (in all species but horse people stole it) in horses?
abdominal pain
70
what are the 4 causes of colic in horses?
1. wall of intestine is stretched excessively by either gas or fluid or ingested material, and stretch-sensitive nerve endings and pain impulses are transmitted to the brain 2. pain develops due to excess tension on the mesentery 3. ischemia develops; traps or severely twists the intestine 4. inflammation develops and may involve either the entire intestinal wall (eneteritis) or the covering of the intestine (peritonitis)
71
how do you diagnose colic in horses generally/clinically?
1. mucosa: CRT takes longer 2. elevated heart rate 3. elevated temperature (2 and 3 due to pain)
72
what is mesentery?
connective tissue that holds intestines in place
73
what is ischemia?
loss of circulation and oxygen
74
what are 7 signs of colic in horses?
1. pawing 2. excessive sweating 3. kicking stomach 4. rolling a lot 5. stretching 6. not eating 7. looking at stomach
75
what are the 7 types of colic in horses?
1. ileal impaction 2. strangulating lipoma 3. proximal enteritis-jejunitis 4. left dorsal displacement 5. right dorsal displacement 6. impaction in large intestine- important one! 7. volvulus
76
what does a strangulating lipoma colin in horses lead to?
ischemia and dead tissue
77
what is a sign of proximal enteritis-jejunitis colic in horses?
inflammation
78
what occurs in volvulus colic in horses?
intestine turn
79
how do you treat colic in horses?
depends on the type whether you go surgical or pain management

Animal Health and Diseases (24 decks)

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