Parasitic Diseases- Arthropods

Question 1

what are the 2 classes of arthropods?

Answer 1

1. arachnida

2. insecta

Question 2

what are the 2 types of arachnida? how many legs?

Answer 2

mites and ticks; 8 legs

Question 3

what are the 4 types of insecta? how many legs?

Answer 3

1. lice
2. flies
3. mosquitoes
4. fleas
   6 legs

Question 4

give 3 common characteristics for arthropoda parasites

Answer 4

1. most of them only spend a portion of their life cycle in the host
2. depend on the host as a nutritional booster for a specific life event
3. all of them are extracellular and most are macroparasites and ectoparasites

Question 5

what are the 7 yucky things that arthropod parasites do?

Answer 5

1. blood-sucking
2. surface-feeding on secretions
3. surface-feeding on skin debris
4. flesh-eating
5. burrowing
6. develop under skin
7. mites in hair follicles

Question 6

describe ticks (their yucky do and significance)

Answer 6

blood-sucking ectoparasites of worldwide veterinary significance

Question 7

where are ticks especially important?

Answer 7

warmer, wetter regions

Question 8

are ticks species-specific?

Answer 8

not as a general organism, but there are specific ticks for many species

Question 9

what are the 3 stages of tick life cycles?

Answer 9

1. larva
2. nymph
3. adult (male or female, they differentiate and sexually reproduce)

Question 10

how many hosts can ticks have?

Answer 10

1 (direct) 2, or 3 (indirect)

Question 11

describe a one-host tick life cycle

Answer 11

female leaves host to lay eggs in grass, the eggs hatch and larvae come back to the host to get a boost to mature into nymphs, then a boost to mature into adults, males and females reproduce, and cycle starts over

Question 12

what is an example of a one-host tick?

Answer 12

Boophilus, or cattle fever tick, acrry Babesia, which is a pathogen that can cause fatal disease in cattle

Question 13

do ticks have eyes? what does this mean in their life cycles?

Answer 13

no eyes, so they just wait at the top of grass until a host runs by/brushes against them and they go for the ride of life :’)

Question 14

describe a 2-host tick life cycle

Answer 14

adults suck blood to reproduce, the female leaves the final host to lay eggs in grass that hatch into larvae and are picked up by the second (intermediate) host, larvae mature into nymphs, which drop of 2ndary host and molt into adults that wait in grass for final host

Question 15

describe a 3-host tick life cycle

Answer 15

each pahse of development is in a different host
females leave final (3rd) host and lay eggs that hatch in the environment, the larvae attack the 1st host to get their boost, then drop off and mature into nymphs that attack the 2nd host for their boost and drop off to mature into adults that attack, mate, and feed on the 3rd/final host

Question 16

why are there fewer parasites seen in controlled environments than non-controlled environments? (like less in dairies vs beef)

Answer 16

can control the entire life cycle of parasite, stop at all points/stop cycle

Question 17

what are the direct effects of ticks? (4)

Answer 17

1. mechanical injury
2. anemia
3. paralysis
4. toxicosis

Question 18

what causes diseases in tick hosts?

Answer 18

a neurotoxin present in tick saliva

Question 19

what is the main host response to ticks?

Answer 19

prurito, or the urge to scratch the body, thus removing ticks

Question 20

how do tick evade the host response of prurito?

Answer 20

there is a chemical in tick saliva that can quiet the prurito response and allow invasion of host

Question 21

for what disease do ticks act as vectors? (5)

Answer 21

bunches, but specifically

1. coxiellosis/Q fever
2. rocky mountain spotted fever
3. Lyme disease
4. colorado tick fever
5. tularemia

Question 22

describe treatment and prevention of ticks (3)

Answer 22

1. use of pesticides (acaricides)
2. removal of ticks
3. field magagement

Question 23

what 2 other dieases does Q fever/coxiellosis look like and why?

Answer 23

Brucellosis or mono because causes joint pain

Question 24

what must you ensure in removal of ticks and why?

Answer 24

get the head! if left behind it could cause infection

Question 25

what is the emerging problem with using pesticides against ticks?

Answer 25

resistance

Question 26

what is the name of common mange in pigs and dogs?

Answer 26

Sarcoptes scabiei

Question 27

what other animals commonly get their own kind of mange? don't need to know name

Answer 27

cats

Question 28

in what animals is sarcoptic mange rare?

Answer 28

horses and sheep

Question 29

what are the clinical signs of sarcoptic mange?

Answer 29

1. papules 2. scaling 3. crusting 4. excoriations 5. severe pruritus

Question 30

describe transmission of sarcoptic mange

Answer 30

through direct contact with infected animals or contaminated fomites

Question 31

what decreases an animal's risk for mites?

Answer 31

a good immune system

Question 32

what increases an animal's risk for mites? give an example

Answer 32

a poor/weak immune system; stray/feral animals are stressed and have lower immunity, leading to lots of mites and other parasites

Question 33

describe treatment of mites

Answer 33

is difficult! but use acaricides

Question 34

what is the blood-sucking mite that infects chickens, turkeys, pigeons, and various wild birds worldwide?

Answer 34

Poultry red mite, aka red mite, roost mite, or poultry mite

Question 35

why are poultry red mites rare in commercial cage-layer operations?

Answer 35

due to the all-in, all-out, clean in between nature of the operations

Question 36

where are poultry red mites usually found?

Answer 36

in cage-free environments such as breeder or small farm flocks

Question 37

when do poultry red mites feed? what do in day?

Answer 37

nocturnal feeders that hide during the day

Question 38

describe the life stages of poultry red mites

Answer 38

larva to nymph to another nymph to adult

Question 39

how long after infested birds are removed can poultry red mites remain in environment?

Answer 39

up to 9 months

Question 40

where do most poultry red mite infections occur?

Answer 40

around the eyes

Question 41

what do heavy infestations of poultry red mites cause (6)?

Answer 41

1. decreased reproductive potential in males 2. decreased egg production in females (mites sucking all the blood) 3. decreased weight gain in young birds- bad for broiler farms 4. decreased feed conversion efficiency 5. anemia 6. death

Question 42

describe the host range of lice and why you don't need to worry about dog lice

Answer 42

largely host specific

Question 43

what kind of ectoparasites are lice?

Answer 43

obligate ectoparasites, gotta do it

Question 44

what are the 2 types of lice?

Answer 44

1. blood-sucking | 2. chewing/biting

Question 45

in what animals are blood-sucking lice found?

Answer 45

only in mammals, not in birds

Question 46

in what animals are chewing/biting lice found? describe head and why it's like that

Answer 46

found in mammals and birds; bigger head to eat secretions and oils

Question 47

where do lice live?

Answer 47

within the microenvironment provided by the skin and its hair or feathers

Question 48

how are lice transmitted?

Answer 48

primarily by contact between hosts

Question 49

what disease can lice cause and why?

Answer 49

pediculosis: manifested by pruritus and dermal irritation, with resultant scratching, rubbing, and biting of infested areas

Question 50

how do you treat lice (2)

Answer 50

1. cut hair (easier in dogs than cattle) | 2. ectoparasiticides

Question 51

how many species of fleas are there worldwide?

Answer 51

over 2200

Question 52

what yucky thing do fleas do?

Answer 52

blood-sucking

Question 53

what is the most prevalent flea species in North America?

Answer 53

Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea); infests over 50 different mammalian and avian hosts throughout the world

Question 54

what do symptoms do fleas cause?

Answer 54

severe skin irritation in animals and people due to blood sucking

Question 55

what diseases are fleas vectors for?

Answer 55

1. Rickettsiae | 2. Bartonella spp.

Question 56

what parasites are fleas intermediate hosts for? how does that cycle work?

Answer 56

filaria and cestode parasties, proglottids in feces, dogs lick and ingest fleas, now those larvae inside dog too

Question 57

what is the only life phase of the flea that lives in/on host?

Answer 57

adult

Question 58

where do fleas lay eggs?

Answer 58

outside host, in environment

Question 59

describe the life stages of fleas

Answer 59

eggs to larvae to pupae to adults

Question 60

describe control of fleas (3)

Answer 60

1. elimination ON pets via insecticides 2. elimination of existing ENVIRONMENTAL infestation 3. prevention of subsequent infections

Question 61

can you only eliminate fleas on pets and be fine and flea free?

Answer 61

no, you must also eliminate the existing environmental infestation

Question 62

what is the problem with the use of insecticides to eliminate fleas on pets?

Answer 62

resistance

Question 63

what are the 2/3 methods of eliminating an existing environmental infection of fleas?

Answer 63

1. residual insecticides to kill newly acquired fleas 2. insect growth retardants 3. combination of both

Question 64

describe prevention of subsequent reinfection of fleas

Answer 64

elimination of fleas in the yard/garden and dog houses

Question 65

what is flea allergy dermatitis?

Answer 65

an immunologic disease caused by infection of antigens from salivary glands of fleas as they feed on hosts

Question 66

what does flea allergy dermatitis cause in dogs?

Answer 66

pruritis and papulocrustous lesions destributed on the lower back, tailhead, and caudal and inner thighs

Question 67

what does flea allergy dermatitis cause in cats?

Answer 67

pruritis and papular dermatitis found on the face, neck, and back

Question 68

what is control of flea allergy dermatitis based on?

Answer 68

treatment and prevention of flea infestations, along with supportive care for dermatitis

Question 69

what does the order diptera of insecta include?

Answer 69

not only the common house fly and many other insects we commonly call flies, but also mosquitoes

Question 70

what feature are diptera characterized by?

Answer 70

2 wings

Question 71

what do diptera feed on? (4)

Answer 71

1. blood 2. saliva 3. tears 4. mucus

Question 72

what bad thing do diptera do?

Answer 72

spread bacteria, viruses, and parasites

Question 73

what are the 2 types of diptera? describe

Answer 73

1. biting flies: feed on animal blood | 2. nonbiting flies: feed on bodily secretions

Question 74

what are the 4 life stages of diptera?

Answer 74

1. egg 2. larvae: flies at this stage look like worms, are maggots 3. pupa: cocoon 4. adult

Question 75

where are fly eggs laid? (3)

Answer 75

1. decaying flesh 2. animal waste 3. pools of standing water

Question 76

what is myiasis?

Answer 76

infestations of larvae in animals

Question 77

what types of diptera cause myiasis?

Answer 77

bot flies

Question 78

what are cat bot flies called?

Answer 78

Cuterebra flies

Question 79

how are cat bot flies transmitted?

Answer 79

females deposit eggs on stones or vegetation, and cats become infested as they pass through contaminated areas and the larvae enter the cats' skin

Question 80

what symptoms do cat bot flies cause?

Answer 80

swellings with breathing pores around the head, neck and trunk, with the hair around the skin matted and swollen

Question 81

where can cat bot fly larvae also develop other than the head, neck, and trunk? (4)

Answer 81

brain, nose, throat, and eyelids

Question 82

what are botflies in horses called?

Answer 82

Gasterophylus flies

Question 83

describe the pathogenicity of bot flies in horses

Answer 83

considered benign, even though some pathology is observed

Question 84

how can bot larvae in horses be identified?

Answer 84

during oral inspection or gastroscopy

Question 85

how do you treat bot flies in horses?

Answer 85

ivermectin

Question 86

what are bot flies in sheep called?

Answer 86

Oestrus ovis

Question 87

describe the direct life cycle of Oestrus ovis (sheep bot fly)

Answer 87

the female deposits larvae in and about the nostrils of the sheep, the larvae then enter the nasal cavity and migrate to the paranasal sinuses, where the larval period lasts 1-10 months before mature larvae leave nasal passage (sneeze) and drop to the ground

Question 88

what symptom is caused by sheep bot flies?

Answer 88

nasal discharge

Question 89

how do you treat sheep bot flies?

Answer 89

ivermectin

Question 90

describe the life cycle of bot flies in horses

Answer 90

larvae hatch from eggs in horse stomach, exctreted in feces and are pupal stage in pastures, and the adult fly emerges from feces where they live on horse hair until the horse licks/ingests them and the cycle restarts