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Animal Health and Diseases > Immunology, Vaccines,and Vaccine Programs > Flashcards

Immunology, Vaccines,and Vaccine Programs Flashcards

1
Q

define immunity (2)

A
  1. security against a particular disease
  2. non-susceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic effects of microorganisms or helminth parasites or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances
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2
Q

what is an antigen?

A

any substance that causes the immune system to produce antibodies

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3
Q

give 3 examples of antigens

A

viruses, bacteria, pollen

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4
Q

define antibody

A

proteins that bind antigens thus neutralizing them

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5
Q

does an antigen have to be the whole microbe?

A

no, could just be a protein on a microbe

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6
Q

what are antibodies produced by?

A

B-lymphocytes

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7
Q

what are antibodies also called?

A

immunoglobulins

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8
Q

describe the structure and function of antibodies

A

Y shaped, where the tips of the Y are the active part and are different shapes themselves

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9
Q

are there broad spectrum antibodies? why or why not?

A

no because they are so specific

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10
Q

how do we get innate (non-specific) immunity?

A

we are born with it

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11
Q

what does the innate immune system include? (broad and then give 5)

A

physical and chemical barriers to antigens:

  1. skkin
  2. mucous membranes
  3. body temeprature
  4. stomach acid
  5. respiratory tract cilia
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12
Q

what is the first level of innate immunity?

A

the physical and chemical barriers

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13
Q

what is the second level of innate immunity? (2)

A

leukocytes: macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils and
NK cells, and dendritic cells (the security guards)

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14
Q

what is the 2nd level of overall immunity?

A

the acquired/adaptive immunity

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15
Q

what is acquired/adaptive immunity?

A

response of body defenses to a specific antigen

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16
Q

what does adaptive/acquired immunity depend on?

A

depends on antibody production

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17
Q

why is adaptive/acquired immunity specific?

A

antibody production only

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18
Q

how do you increase the strength of the response of the adaptive/acquired immune system?

A

repeated exposures (MEMORY)

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19
Q

what does the effectiveness of the adaptive/acquired immune response depend on? (5)

A
  1. genetics
  2. health
  3. antigen dose
  4. number of previous encounters
  5. response of innate immunity
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20
Q

what really cool thing can macrophages do in adaptive/acquired immunity?

A

can chop up bits of antigens as the pahgocytize it and show it to lymphocytes for better learning and antibody production

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21
Q

when giving vaccines, describe the type of immune response/functions of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd dose

A

1st exposure: primary immune response
2nd exposure: strengthens antibodies
3rd exposure (and any further): lead to innate immunity

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22
Q

describe the reaction strength to 1st, 2dn, and 3rd vaccinations

A

less/smaller reaction each time

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23
Q

what are the 5 types of immunoglobulins?

A
  1. IgM
  2. IgG
  3. IgA
  4. IgE
  5. IgD
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24
Q

what is IgM?

A

the first antibody produced

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25
Q

what is IgG?

A

produced in future immune responses, produced a litte later than IgM, keeps memory, found in greater spikes in future immune responses

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26
Q

what is IgA?

A

local immunity, in GI tract, resp, tract, conjunctive (ALL MUCOSA)

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27
Q

what is IgE?

A

associated with inflammatory reactions and parasitic infections, too much can damage self (anaphylaxis)

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28
Q

what is IgD?

A

somewhat unknown but thought to activate B cells

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29
Q

what are the 2 types of acquired immunity?

A
  1. active: body has to work to create protection

2. passive

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30
Q

when does active adaptive immunity occur?

A

after exposure to microorganism

31
Q

when does passive acquired immunity occur?

A

comes from someone/something else, like colostrum

32
Q

what are the 2 types of active acquired immunity? describe

A
  1. natural: post exposure to infection

2. artifical: post vaccine exposure

33
Q

what are the 2 types of passive acquired immunity? describe

A
  1. natural: mom to baby

2. artificial: serum or plasma given

34
Q

what are the 2 types of responses of acquired immunity?

A
  1. primary

2. secondary

35
Q

when does the primary response of acquired immunity occur?

A

after 1st exposure to antigen

36
Q

when does the secondary response of acquired immunity occur?

A

after future (not 1st) exposures to antigen

37
Q

how long after expousre is it until the primary response of acquired immunity?

A

long, takes several days

38
Q

how long after exposure is it until the secondary response of acquired immunity?

A

rapid, 1-2 days

39
Q

whcih antibody is produced by the primary response of acquired immunity?

40
Q

which antibody is produced by the secondary response of acquired immunity?

41
Q

how strong is the primary response of acquired immunity?

A

weak, low antibody titer

42
Q

how strong is the secondary response of acquired immunity?

A

strong, high antibody titer

43
Q

how long are antibodies detected in the primary response of acquired immunity?

44
Q

how long are antibodies detected in the secondary response of acquired immunity?

A

months to years

45
Q

describe disease progression following the primary response of acquired immunity

A

longer and more severe

46
Q

describe disease progression following the secondary response of acquired immunity

A

shorter and less severe

47
Q

when will you detect IgM antibodies? (2)

A
  1. after inital vaccination

2. when recently exposed to a disease

48
Q

when will you detect IgG antibodies? (3)

A
  1. after booster vaccination
  2. after disease exposure or recovery
  3. during current disease
49
Q

what antibody levels do you measure for long-lasting immunity? what do you do to keep those levels high?

A

IgG, give boosters each year to keep high

50
Q

what are the 3 main types of vaccines?

A
  1. modified live virus (MLV)
  2. killed (KV)
  3. recombinant
51
Q

describe modified live vaccines

A

live, but altered to be nonvirulent/ nonpathogenic

52
Q

how long is the immunity from modified live vx? why?

A

long lasting, because maintains external microorganism structure

53
Q

what can modified live vx cause (rare side effects) (3)

A
  1. abortions
  2. immunosuppression
  3. mild disease
54
Q

what is bacterin?

A

attenuated or killed bacteria in modified live vx (COMPLETELY dead)

55
Q

what is toxoid? when used?

A

inactive toxin in modified live vx, used against clostridia

56
Q

how are organisms killed for killed vx?

A

by chemical means, formalin, which alters structure

57
Q

describe the safety, usage, and immune response of killed vaccines

A

safe and stable, required repeated doses to maintain immunity, weaker response

58
Q

what are added to killed vaccines to improve immune response and what side effects from that?

A

adjuvants added to improve immune response, can cause reactions at administration of vx

59
Q

how are recombinant vx made and used?

A

DNA technology: produce antigen protein in lab, culture cells, isolate them, and INJECT antigen to provoke adaptive immune response

60
Q

how do RNA vaccines work?

A

RNA triggers antigen protein expression as it enters the cell

61
Q

how do we protect RNA in vx for cell entry?

A

encase in liposome

62
Q

do RNA vx need adjuvination?

A

no, self-adjuvinating,no need extra chemicals

63
Q

what beautiful thing happens to RNA once its used up in vx?

A

disintegrates so it’s can’t be transformed into DNA and cause infection!

64
Q

do RNA vx need help getting into cells?

A

nope, just inject saline and RNA

65
Q

how can you enhance stability of RNA vx?

A

lipid coat

66
Q

what is the only drawback of RNA vx?

A

need to be kept frozen to maintain sustainability in special -80 freezers

67
Q

what are the 3 storage methods for vaccines?

A
  1. refrigerated
  2. frozen (only RNA needs)
  3. reconstitution/freeze-dry
68
Q

what are the 4 routes of vx administration?

A
  1. SQ
  2. IM
  3. IN (intranasal)
  4. transdermal
69
Q

what are 4 minor side effects of vaccines?

A
  1. local pain
  2. transient swelling at site
  3. lethargy
  4. fever
70
Q

what is the immediate hypersensitivity response to vaccines?

A

anaphylaxis

71
Q

what are 4 mild side effects of vaccines?

A
  1. facial edema
  2. swelling of eye area and extremities
  3. vomiting
  4. diarrhea
72
Q

what are 4 severe side effects of vaccines?

A
  1. respiratory arrest
  2. cardiovascular collapse
  3. collapse
  4. death
73
Q

what is a post-vaccinal side effect in cats?

Animal Health and Diseases (24 decks)

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