Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Animal Health and Diseases > Immunology, Vaccines,and Vaccine Programs > Flashcards

Immunology, Vaccines,and Vaccine Programs Flashcards

1
Q

define immunity (2)

A
  1. security against a particular disease
  2. non-susceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic effects of microorganisms or helminth parasites or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is an antigen?

A

any substance that causes the immune system to produce antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

give 3 examples of antigens

A

viruses, bacteria, pollen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

define antibody

A

proteins that bind antigens thus neutralizing them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

does an antigen have to be the whole microbe?

A

no, could just be a protein on a microbe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are antibodies produced by?

A

B-lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are antibodies also called?

A

immunoglobulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe the structure and function of antibodies

A

Y shaped, where the tips of the Y are the active part and are different shapes themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

are there broad spectrum antibodies? why or why not?

A

no because they are so specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how do we get innate (non-specific) immunity?

A

we are born with it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does the innate immune system include? (broad and then give 5)

A

physical and chemical barriers to antigens:

  1. skkin
  2. mucous membranes
  3. body temeprature
  4. stomach acid
  5. respiratory tract cilia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the first level of innate immunity?

A

the physical and chemical barriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the second level of innate immunity? (2)

A

leukocytes: macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils and
NK cells, and dendritic cells (the security guards)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the 2nd level of overall immunity?

A

the acquired/adaptive immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is acquired/adaptive immunity?

A

response of body defenses to a specific antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does adaptive/acquired immunity depend on?

A

depends on antibody production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why is adaptive/acquired immunity specific?

A

antibody production only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how do you increase the strength of the response of the adaptive/acquired immune system?

A

repeated exposures (MEMORY)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does the effectiveness of the adaptive/acquired immune response depend on? (5)

A
  1. genetics
  2. health
  3. antigen dose
  4. number of previous encounters
  5. response of innate immunity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what really cool thing can macrophages do in adaptive/acquired immunity?

A

can chop up bits of antigens as the pahgocytize it and show it to lymphocytes for better learning and antibody production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

when giving vaccines, describe the type of immune response/functions of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd dose

A

1st exposure: primary immune response
2nd exposure: strengthens antibodies
3rd exposure (and any further): lead to innate immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

describe the reaction strength to 1st, 2dn, and 3rd vaccinations

A

less/smaller reaction each time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the 5 types of immunoglobulins?

A
  1. IgM
  2. IgG
  3. IgA
  4. IgE
  5. IgD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is IgM?

A

the first antibody produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is IgG?
produced in future immune responses, produced a litte later than IgM, keeps memory, found in greater spikes in future immune responses
26
what is IgA?
local immunity, in GI tract, resp, tract, conjunctive (ALL MUCOSA)
27
what is IgE?
associated with inflammatory reactions and parasitic infections, too much can damage self (anaphylaxis)
28
what is IgD?
somewhat unknown but thought to activate B cells
29
what are the 2 types of acquired immunity?
1. active: body has to work to create protection | 2. passive
30
when does active adaptive immunity occur?
after exposure to microorganism
31
when does passive acquired immunity occur?
comes from someone/something else, like colostrum
32
what are the 2 types of active acquired immunity? describe
1. natural: post exposure to infection | 2. artifical: post vaccine exposure
33
what are the 2 types of passive acquired immunity? describe
1. natural: mom to baby | 2. artificial: serum or plasma given
34
what are the 2 types of responses of acquired immunity?
1. primary | 2. secondary
35
when does the primary response of acquired immunity occur?
after 1st exposure to antigen
36
when does the secondary response of acquired immunity occur?
after future (not 1st) exposures to antigen
37
how long after expousre is it until the primary response of acquired immunity?
long, takes several days
38
how long after exposure is it until the secondary response of acquired immunity?
rapid, 1-2 days
39
whcih antibody is produced by the primary response of acquired immunity?
IgM
40
which antibody is produced by the secondary response of acquired immunity?
IgG
41
how strong is the primary response of acquired immunity?
weak, low antibody titer
42
how strong is the secondary response of acquired immunity?
strong, high antibody titer
43
how long are antibodies detected in the primary response of acquired immunity?
not long
44
how long are antibodies detected in the secondary response of acquired immunity?
months to years
45
describe disease progression following the primary response of acquired immunity
longer and more severe
46
describe disease progression following the secondary response of acquired immunity
shorter and less severe
47
when will you detect IgM antibodies? (2)
1. after inital vaccination | 2. when recently exposed to a disease
48
when will you detect IgG antibodies? (3)
1. after booster vaccination 2. after disease exposure or recovery 3. during current disease
49
what antibody levels do you measure for long-lasting immunity? what do you do to keep those levels high?
IgG, give boosters each year to keep high
50
what are the 3 main types of vaccines?
1. modified live virus (MLV) 2. killed (KV) 3. recombinant
51
describe modified live vaccines
live, but altered to be nonvirulent/ nonpathogenic
52
how long is the immunity from modified live vx? why?
long lasting, because maintains external microorganism structure
53
what can modified live vx cause (rare side effects) (3)
1. abortions 2. immunosuppression 3. mild disease
54
what is bacterin?
attenuated or killed bacteria in modified live vx (COMPLETELY dead)
55
what is toxoid? when used?
inactive toxin in modified live vx, used against clostridia
56
how are organisms killed for killed vx?
by chemical means, formalin, which alters structure
57
describe the safety, usage, and immune response of killed vaccines
safe and stable, required repeated doses to maintain immunity, weaker response
58
what are added to killed vaccines to improve immune response and what side effects from that?
adjuvants added to improve immune response, can cause reactions at administration of vx
59
how are recombinant vx made and used?
DNA technology: produce antigen protein in lab, culture cells, isolate them, and INJECT antigen to provoke adaptive immune response
60
how do RNA vaccines work?
RNA triggers antigen protein expression as it enters the cell
61
how do we protect RNA in vx for cell entry?
encase in liposome
62
do RNA vx need adjuvination?
no, self-adjuvinating,no need extra chemicals
63
what beautiful thing happens to RNA once its used up in vx?
disintegrates so it's can't be transformed into DNA and cause infection!
64
do RNA vx need help getting into cells?
nope, just inject saline and RNA
65
how can you enhance stability of RNA vx?
lipid coat
66
what is the only drawback of RNA vx?
need to be kept frozen to maintain sustainability in special -80 freezers
67
what are the 3 storage methods for vaccines?
1. refrigerated 2. frozen (only RNA needs) 3. reconstitution/freeze-dry
68
what are the 4 routes of vx administration?
1. SQ 2. IM 3. IN (intranasal) 4. transdermal
69
what are 4 minor side effects of vaccines?
1. local pain 2. transient swelling at site 3. lethargy 4. fever
70
what is the immediate hypersensitivity response to vaccines?
anaphylaxis
71
what are 4 mild side effects of vaccines?
1. facial edema 2. swelling of eye area and extremities 3. vomiting 4. diarrhea
72
what are 4 severe side effects of vaccines?
1. respiratory arrest 2. cardiovascular collapse 3. collapse 4. death
73
what is a post-vaccinal side effect in cats?
sarcomas

Animal Health and Diseases (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions