Urbanisation Flashcards
City
A large and densely populated urban area
Town
Smaller urban area than a city with a fixed boundary
Ecomomy
Combination of business and work done within a region. Can involve production, distribution and consumtion
Administration
Work of managing a place
Social activities
Relate to an interaction between people
Rural
Region relating to the countryside
Urban
Relating to a town or city
Decentralisation
Policy of transferring power from the central government to areas throughout the country
Give three example of decentralisation in Ireland
○Dept. of Agriculture, Fisheries & Food to be based in Portlaois, Co. Laois
○Several units of the Dept. of Arts, Sports & Tourism are situated in Killarney, Co. Kerry
○Several offices of the Dept. of Finance have been relocated to Tullamore Co. Offaly
Describe river settlement
Located near fresh water supply and source of food. River also used for transport and defense puposes
Describe bridging point settlement
Crossing of a river was a key location for the development of settlement
Describe nodal point settlement
Some settlements developed where roads met/ converged
Describe coastal settlement
The sea was an international roadway. Trading between continents and countries meant coastal harbours are potential centres of trade. Fishing settlements also located on the coast. e.g. Killybegs, Donegal. The coast is also important for tourism. Holiday resorts provide seasonal trade for settlers.e.g. Tramore, Waterford
Describe monastic settlement
Some settlements developed as centres of learning near monastries
What are some of the factors that influenced the distribution of urban settlements in Ireland?
○Historical ○Relief ○Resource-based settlements ○Tourism ○Fishing ○Natural Resources ○Overspill
How has our history influenced the distribution of urban settlements in Ireland?
Events in Ireland’s history have affected the development and distribution of settlements throughout the country
~Coastal locations associated with the Vikings, e.g. Dublin
~Normans developed walled cities, e.g Kilkenney
~Towns were set up during the plantations e.g. Portlaois
~New towns were developed to accommodate population pressures in some cities
How has relief influenced the distribution of urban settlements in Ireland?
~Upland: suitable for defensive settlements
~Low-lying: provide easy access to settlements and can be surrounded by farmland
~Coastal: Trading with other countries and accessibility were very important factors in the development of coastal settlements
~River valleys: Crossing point along a river provides an easy passage for road and rail networks. Settlements are based along rivers and on well drained areas
How have resource-based settlements influenced the distribution of urban settlements in Ireland?
Settlements may develop in an area which has access to resources. Industries develop which provide employment
How has tourism influenced the distribution of urban settlements in Ireland?
Tourists are attracted to tourist regions such as Bray, Co. Wicklow
How has fishing influenced the distribution of urban settlements in Ireland?
Settlements which rely on the fishing industry have developed on the coast close to rich fishing grounds, e.g. Killybegs, Co. Donegal
How have natural resources influenced the distribution of urban settlements in Ireland?
Settlements develop close to natural resources.
~Coal: Arigna, Co. Leitrim
~Lead and Zinc: Navan Co. Meath
~Gas: Kinsale, Co. Cork
How has overspill influenced the distribution of urban settlements in Ireland?
Congestion in urban areas encouraged people to settle outside the region. This urban overspill is caused by pressure on land needed for housing.These settlements are called new towns
When and what did Dublin begin as
Dublin began as a Viking settlement in 841AD
Where did the Vikings settle in Dublin?
Settled where the River Poddle entered the Liffey at the rear of Dublin Castle
When did the Normans invade Dublin?
1169AD
When was Dublin Castle built?
1204AD
Describe the layout of the medieval Norman and Viking towns
The towns were unplanned. Streets were narrow and twisting with no pattern. There were poor living conditions and poor sanitation.
when did Norman power decline in Ireland?
During the 14th and 15th Centuries
When was the outbreak of the Bubonic Plague?
1348
Describe the layout of a Georgian town
A grid like pattern of streets and squares was constructed.
When was Georgian Rule in Ireland?
18th Century
Why did the Irish Parliament move to London in the 19th Century?
With the Act of Union in 1801, parliament moved to London
Why did the population of Dublin rise in the 19th Century?
○People lived longer because a clean water supplies became available, proper sewers were built and disease control improved
○Many people migrated from country to city
What were tenements?
Houses built for one family which became home to a no. of families
Within Dublin city, what became an important source of employment during Georgian rule?
The Docklands
When the a large scale clearance of slums begin in Dublin?
1920s until the 1950s
Why did the population of Dublin grow rapidly in the 20th Century?
The city provided a better chance to get a job. It also attracted people because it was lively, with cinemas, dancehalls and other social centres. Better education, improved healthcare and better housing also contributed to population increase as people were healthier and lived longer.
Did Dublin city increase or decrease in size during the 21st Century?
There was/is a growth of suburbs and expansion of the city
Function of a city
An activity of a city
Zonation
An area that has characteristics that can be recognised and mapped
What are the factors that influence the types of zones in cities?
- Different land values throughout the city
- Historical and social factors
- Location within the city
Cities can be divided into which zones? Give examples
CBD - city centre Smaller shopping areas - Dun Laoghaire Shopping centres - Dun Drum Industrial areas - Sandyford Residential areas - Stepaside Open space - Phoenix Park
Describe the central business district or an urban area
○Core area of business and shopping activity ○Centre of city ○Focus of transport routes ○Multi-functional ○Land value high ○High rise building common
Describe the smaller shopping areas of an urban area
○Outskirts of city
○Located in small villages or at main crossroads
○Shops usually group together
○Generate local trade
Describe the shopping centres of an urban area
○Attracts shoppers from surrounding residential and wider area
○Great range of shops
○Outskirts of urban area, easily accessible
Describe the industrial areas of an urban area
○Secondary activities are mainly located in urban areas
○Modern industries are located in purpose-built industrial estates
○Located on outskirts
Describe the residential areas of an urban area
○Vary from high-rise accommodation, housing estates and apartment complexes to individual houses
○Residential areas vary according to age and size
○City centre has multi-story residential buildings
○Suburbs have detached and semi-detached hauses
Describe the open space of an urban area
○Areas in the city not built upon
○Protected by law
○Zoned as open space or green belt territories to prevent total urban sprawl
○Open space allows the city’s population to have leisure facilities to relax and areas for children to play
What is the population of New York City?
20 million
How many boroughs is New York made up of and what are their names?
5 •The Bronx •Queens •Brooklyn •Staten Island •Manhattan
Describe the area of Manhattan
- Core area of New York
- Many famous city land marks
- It is an island and has a street grid pattern established in the early 19th century
- The pattern provides a grid of streets which form blocks throughout the main area of the borough
Describe The Bronx
-Has a history of Irish, French, German, Polish and Italian immigration
Describe the area of Queens
- Predominantly residential
- Largest borough
- 36% of residents foreign-born
Describe the area of Staten Island
-Least populated
Describe the area of Brooklyn
- Located across the East River away from Manhattan
- Attracts young families due to low rent
- Community atmosphere and quieter lifestyle also attracts residents
- Was once an area of industry
Describe the CBD of New York
○High-rise buildings
○Main locations;
-Lower Manhattan - financial district
-Mid Manhattan - retail outlets
Describe the industrial areas of New York
○Originally based within the city. Today its based on the outskirts close to waterways
○New areas provide cheaper and more open areas with access to infrastructure
○Main port is New Jersey Port
What are some of the different residential areas in New York?
○Little Italy
○Chinatown
○So Ho
○Harlem
Describe the open areas of New York
○Central Park
-340 hectare park was transformed from swampy wasteland to a park over 20 years
-Provides an escape from the busy streets and high rise buildings
○Bronx Zoo
○New York Botanical Gardens
Renewal
When an area is updated, but its function remains the same
Why did the government build big tower blocks in Ballymun and when?
Before the 1960s, people couldn’t afford their own houses and lived in tenements. So in the 1960s, the government built big tower blocks in Ballymun.
What was the ititial problems with the new tower blocks in Ballymun?
New residents soon realised that there was a lack of amenities throughout the area. Ballymun also had many social problems at the time, especially with drugs and alcohol.
What was done about the problems in Ballymun?
The government recognised the problems and many of the tower blocks were demolished and their residents rehoused in state-of-the-art housing. Many other amenities were also built
Ballymun is a case study on…
urban renewal
Redevelopment
When the function of an area is changed
Dublin’s Docklands is a case study on…
urban redevelopment
What were the Docklands like before the DDDA was created?
○Only 10% finished school
○1% went on to 3rd level education
○Unemployment averaged 30%
○Long term unemployment and drug abuse were problems
What does the DDDA stand for and when was it established?
The Dublin Docklands Development Authority was created in 1997
What was industry and employment like in the Docklands around the 19th Century?
○Dublin was a busy port
○Provided employment for people of the inner city
○Most working men employed as carters and labourers in the Docklands and railways
○Work was casual and irregular
○Working conditions in the Docklands were tough and injuries were common
○Earned 25c a day
How did the large scale clearance of Dublin’s slums in the 1920s/1950s worsen the problem of urban dereliction in the Docklands?
The slums were cleared but the cleared land was often not redeveloped or built on and was left derelict. And so the population of the area dropped
When was the first prolonged effort to address urban dereliction and to renew and redevelop the Docklands initiated?
Not until the 1986 Custom House Docks Area Renewal Act
What is the DDDA’s strategy for the economic, social and physical regeneration of the Docklands area called?
The Master Plan
What future plans are in store for the Docklands area?
○The proposed U2 Tower
○The EXO Building, Point Village
○New HQ for the Central Bank
○Student Village
What was one of the main aims of regenerating the Docklands?
Creating a strong sense of community
Why is there a need to renew and redevelop in cities?
Factors like the age of buildings in the area, the use of buildings, planning regulations and possible future plans for the area can lead to urban decay in the inner city. This decline has been noted and in many cities the problem is being resolved by the introduction of policies of renewal and redevelopment
Does land value and use increase/decrease closer to the CBD?
Increase
Why is land value higher in the CBD?
- In the CBD there is the most demand for land
- Prices are higher as there is a shortage of land
Apartments
- Multi unit housing
- Found close to the city centre
- Built to maximise space
- Young professionals
Terraced housing
- Line of houses joined together
- Close to city centre
- No front garden, doors open onto street
Semi-detached houses
- To houses which share joining wall
- Outskirts of town or in a housing estate
- Garden/driveway around them
Detached houses
- Individual houses
* Housing estates and outskirts
Rush Hour
The daily movement of people at specific times during the day. It is a busy time for traffic due to commuters travelling by car
- 8am to 9am
- 5pm to 6pm
What are the effects of rush hour traffic?
~Longer commuting times
~Traffic congestion
~Earlier departure from home to reach work, school etc
What are the Solutions to traffic congestion?
○QBCs ○DART ○Tram ○Cycle lanes ○Reducing cars in urban areas
What are QBCs?
Quality Bus Corridors - > Bus lanes that give priority to buses
What could be done to reduce the number of cars in urban areas?
- Pedestrianisation of streets
- Public Transport
- Restricted/expensive etc parking
What problems are associated with living in cities
~Zones of decline ~Urban sprawl ~Unemployment ~Crime ~Community disruption ~Inadequate infrastructural services
Areas in decline
May be in poor state of repair or derelict
What evidence can you see of areas in decline?
Evidence of such an area-greater than boards up buildings, unoccupied buildings or buildings
Urban sprawl
The spread of an urban area beyond its limits
What factors are associated with zones of decline?
Failure of businesses, lack of amenities, migration
Urban sprawl results in…
○Valuable farmland and green belts are taken over by roads and houses
○Smaller towns and villages are absorbed
○Puts pressure on services such as watersupply and sewage
What services are lacking in suburban communities?
○Education facilities
○Local shops
○An efficient and regular public transport service
○Emergency services, hospitals, fire stations, Gardaí ect
○Community resources, community centres, facilities and health centres
How does the widening of two lane roads lead to community disruption?
The widening of two lane roads leading out from the city to the outskirts into multilane routeways has split communkities. What was once a close-knit neighbourhood, now has a busy roadway through it
How was the building of high-rise buildings like to community disruption?
High-rise buildings have isolated families. Apartments are entities within themselves and provide little interaction with neighbours
How has the migration of young families lead to community disruption?
Migration of young families from the city centre to the suburbs has left some disconnected from family in the city centre
Why is the inner-city a location for many unemployed
In the past industry, and therefore jobs, were located in the city centre. But today industries are located in the suburbs, therefore the job opportunities are in the suburbs. The jobs in the CBD require skilled personnel. And so the unskilled people are left unemployed
The problem of crime has been associated with…
… Unemployment, drug abuse and lack of services
New town
Settlement specifically developed to facilitate the growth of an urban area
What are the characteristics of a new town?
○Purpose built to accommodate specific population
○Located near a large urban area
○Function is to house the overspill of the city
○New settlers are mainly young families
○Provide industrial estates
What initial problems did Tallaght have when it was developed?
Young families came to live in the town but there are faced with many problems: there was a lack of a town centre and adequate services and housing was built on all available land
What new facilities were built in Tallaght?
Town centre, shopping centre, Civic offices, Civic Theatre, Institute of technology and a hospital
Urbanisation in the developing world is rapid/slow
Rapid
What problems does rapid urbanisation in the developing world cause?
Congestion, pollution, poverty and slums and a lack of services
What is the population of São Paulo
19 million
What percentage of the population of São Paulo live below the poverty line?
34%
What problems arise as a result of urbanisation in São Paulo?
○Favelas
○Lack of services t
○Traffic congestion
○Pollution
