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Urbanisation Flashcards

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1
Q

City

A

A large and densely populated urban area

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2
Q

Town

A

Smaller urban area than a city with a fixed boundary

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3
Q

Ecomomy

A

Combination of business and work done within a region. Can involve production, distribution and consumtion

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4
Q

Administration

A

Work of managing a place

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5
Q

Social activities

A

Relate to an interaction between people

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6
Q

Rural

A

Region relating to the countryside

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7
Q

Urban

A

Relating to a town or city

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8
Q

Decentralisation

A

Policy of transferring power from the central government to areas throughout the country

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9
Q

Give three example of decentralisation in Ireland

A

○Dept. of Agriculture, Fisheries & Food to be based in Portlaois, Co. Laois
○Several units of the Dept. of Arts, Sports & Tourism are situated in Killarney, Co. Kerry
○Several offices of the Dept. of Finance have been relocated to Tullamore Co. Offaly

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10
Q

Describe river settlement

A

Located near fresh water supply and source of food. River also used for transport and defense puposes

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11
Q

Describe bridging point settlement

A

Crossing of a river was a key location for the development of settlement

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12
Q

Describe nodal point settlement

A

Some settlements developed where roads met/ converged

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13
Q

Describe coastal settlement

A

The sea was an international roadway. Trading between continents and countries meant coastal harbours are potential centres of trade. Fishing settlements also located on the coast. e.g. Killybegs, Donegal. The coast is also important for tourism. Holiday resorts provide seasonal trade for settlers.e.g. Tramore, Waterford

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14
Q

Describe monastic settlement

A

Some settlements developed as centres of learning near monastries

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15
Q

What are some of the factors that influenced the distribution of urban settlements in Ireland?

A 
○Historical
○Relief
○Resource-based settlements
○Tourism
○Fishing
○Natural Resources
○Overspill
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16
Q

How has our history influenced the distribution of urban settlements in Ireland?

A

Events in Ireland’s history have affected the development and distribution of settlements throughout the country
~Coastal locations associated with the Vikings, e.g. Dublin
~Normans developed walled cities, e.g Kilkenney
~Towns were set up during the plantations e.g. Portlaois
~New towns were developed to accommodate population pressures in some cities

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17
Q

How has relief influenced the distribution of urban settlements in Ireland?

A

~Upland: suitable for defensive settlements
~Low-lying: provide easy access to settlements and can be surrounded by farmland
~Coastal: Trading with other countries and accessibility were very important factors in the development of coastal settlements
~River valleys: Crossing point along a river provides an easy passage for road and rail networks. Settlements are based along rivers and on well drained areas

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18
Q

How have resource-based settlements influenced the distribution of urban settlements in Ireland?

A

Settlements may develop in an area which has access to resources. Industries develop which provide employment

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19
Q

How has tourism influenced the distribution of urban settlements in Ireland?

A

Tourists are attracted to tourist regions such as Bray, Co. Wicklow

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20
Q

How has fishing influenced the distribution of urban settlements in Ireland?

A

Settlements which rely on the fishing industry have developed on the coast close to rich fishing grounds, e.g. Killybegs, Co. Donegal

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21
Q

How have natural resources influenced the distribution of urban settlements in Ireland?

A

Settlements develop close to natural resources.
~Coal: Arigna, Co. Leitrim
~Lead and Zinc: Navan Co. Meath
~Gas: Kinsale, Co. Cork

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22
Q

How has overspill influenced the distribution of urban settlements in Ireland?

A

Congestion in urban areas encouraged people to settle outside the region. This urban overspill is caused by pressure on land needed for housing.These settlements are called new towns

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23
Q

When and what did Dublin begin as

A

Dublin began as a Viking settlement in 841AD

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24
Q

Where did the Vikings settle in Dublin?

A

Settled where the River Poddle entered the Liffey at the rear of Dublin Castle

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25
Q

When did the Normans invade Dublin?

A

1169AD

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26
Q

When was Dublin Castle built?

A

1204AD

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27
Q

Describe the layout of the medieval Norman and Viking towns

A

The towns were unplanned. Streets were narrow and twisting with no pattern. There were poor living conditions and poor sanitation.

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28
Q

when did Norman power decline in Ireland?

A

During the 14th and 15th Centuries

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29
Q

When was the outbreak of the Bubonic Plague?

A

1348

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30
Q

Describe the layout of a Georgian town

A

A grid like pattern of streets and squares was constructed.

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31
Q

When was Georgian Rule in Ireland?

A

18th Century

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32
Q

Why did the Irish Parliament move to London in the 19th Century?

A

With the Act of Union in 1801, parliament moved to London

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33
Q

Why did the population of Dublin rise in the 19th Century?

A

○People lived longer because a clean water supplies became available, proper sewers were built and disease control improved
○Many people migrated from country to city

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34
Q

What were tenements?

A

Houses built for one family which became home to a no. of families

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35
Q

Within Dublin city, what became an important source of employment during Georgian rule?

A

The Docklands

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36
Q

When the a large scale clearance of slums begin in Dublin?

A

1920s until the 1950s

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37
Q

Why did the population of Dublin grow rapidly in the 20th Century?

A

The city provided a better chance to get a job. It also attracted people because it was lively, with cinemas, dancehalls and other social centres. Better education, improved healthcare and better housing also contributed to population increase as people were healthier and lived longer.

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38
Q

Did Dublin city increase or decrease in size during the 21st Century?

A

There was/is a growth of suburbs and expansion of the city

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39
Q

Function of a city

A

An activity of a city

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40
Q

Zonation

A

An area that has characteristics that can be recognised and mapped

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41
Q

What are the factors that influence the types of zones in cities?

A
  • Different land values throughout the city
  • Historical and social factors
  • Location within the city
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42
Q

Cities can be divided into which zones? Give examples

A 
CBD - city centre
Smaller shopping areas - Dun Laoghaire
Shopping centres - Dun Drum
Industrial areas - Sandyford 
Residential areas - Stepaside
Open space - Phoenix Park
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43
Q

Describe the central business district or an urban area

A 
○Core area of business and shopping activity
○Centre of city
○Focus of transport routes
○Multi-functional
○Land value high
○High rise building common
44
Q

Describe the smaller shopping areas of an urban area

A

○Outskirts of city
○Located in small villages or at main crossroads
○Shops usually group together
○Generate local trade

45
Q

Describe the shopping centres of an urban area

A

○Attracts shoppers from surrounding residential and wider area
○Great range of shops
○Outskirts of urban area, easily accessible

46
Q

Describe the industrial areas of an urban area

A

○Secondary activities are mainly located in urban areas
○Modern industries are located in purpose-built industrial estates
○Located on outskirts

47
Q

Describe the residential areas of an urban area

A

○Vary from high-rise accommodation, housing estates and apartment complexes to individual houses
○Residential areas vary according to age and size
○City centre has multi-story residential buildings
○Suburbs have detached and semi-detached hauses

48
Q

Describe the open space of an urban area

A

○Areas in the city not built upon
○Protected by law
○Zoned as open space or green belt territories to prevent total urban sprawl
○Open space allows the city’s population to have leisure facilities to relax and areas for children to play

49
Q

What is the population of New York City?

A

20 million

50
Q

How many boroughs is New York made up of and what are their names?

A 
5
•The Bronx
•Queens
•Brooklyn
•Staten Island
•Manhattan
51
Q

Describe the area of Manhattan

A
  • Core area of New York
  • Many famous city land marks
  • It is an island and has a street grid pattern established in the early 19th century
  • The pattern provides a grid of streets which form blocks throughout the main area of the borough
52
Q

Describe The Bronx

A

-Has a history of Irish, French, German, Polish and Italian immigration

53
Q

Describe the area of Queens

A
  • Predominantly residential
  • Largest borough
  • 36% of residents foreign-born
54
Q

Describe the area of Staten Island

A

-Least populated

55
Q

Describe the area of Brooklyn

A
  • Located across the East River away from Manhattan
  • Attracts young families due to low rent
  • Community atmosphere and quieter lifestyle also attracts residents
  • Was once an area of industry
56
Q

Describe the CBD of New York

A

○High-rise buildings
○Main locations;
-Lower Manhattan - financial district
-Mid Manhattan - retail outlets

57
Q

Describe the industrial areas of New York

A

○Originally based within the city. Today its based on the outskirts close to waterways
○New areas provide cheaper and more open areas with access to infrastructure
○Main port is New Jersey Port

58
Q

What are some of the different residential areas in New York?

A

○Little Italy
○Chinatown
○So Ho
○Harlem

59
Q

Describe the open areas of New York

A

○Central Park
-340 hectare park was transformed from swampy wasteland to a park over 20 years
-Provides an escape from the busy streets and high rise buildings
○Bronx Zoo
○New York Botanical Gardens

60
Q

Renewal

A

When an area is updated, but its function remains the same

61
Q

Why did the government build big tower blocks in Ballymun and when?

A

Before the 1960s, people couldn’t afford their own houses and lived in tenements. So in the 1960s, the government built big tower blocks in Ballymun.

62
Q

What was the ititial problems with the new tower blocks in Ballymun?

A

New residents soon realised that there was a lack of amenities throughout the area. Ballymun also had many social problems at the time, especially with drugs and alcohol.

63
Q

What was done about the problems in Ballymun?

A

The government recognised the problems and many of the tower blocks were demolished and their residents rehoused in state-of-the-art housing. Many other amenities were also built

64
Q

Ballymun is a case study on…

A

urban renewal

65
Q

Redevelopment

A

When the function of an area is changed

66
Q

Dublin’s Docklands is a case study on…

A

urban redevelopment

67
Q

What were the Docklands like before the DDDA was created?

A

○Only 10% finished school
○1% went on to 3rd level education
○Unemployment averaged 30%
○Long term unemployment and drug abuse were problems

68
Q

What does the DDDA stand for and when was it established?

A

The Dublin Docklands Development Authority was created in 1997

69
Q

What was industry and employment like in the Docklands around the 19th Century?

A

○Dublin was a busy port
○Provided employment for people of the inner city
○Most working men employed as carters and labourers in the Docklands and railways
○Work was casual and irregular
○Working conditions in the Docklands were tough and injuries were common
○Earned 25c a day

70
Q

How did the large scale clearance of Dublin’s slums in the 1920s/1950s worsen the problem of urban dereliction in the Docklands?

A

The slums were cleared but the cleared land was often not redeveloped or built on and was left derelict. And so the population of the area dropped

71
Q

When was the first prolonged effort to address urban dereliction and to renew and redevelop the Docklands initiated?

A

Not until the 1986 Custom House Docks Area Renewal Act

72
Q

What is the DDDA’s strategy for the economic, social and physical regeneration of the Docklands area called?

A

The Master Plan

73
Q

What future plans are in store for the Docklands area?

A

○The proposed U2 Tower
○The EXO Building, Point Village
○New HQ for the Central Bank
○Student Village

74
Q

What was one of the main aims of regenerating the Docklands?

A

Creating a strong sense of community

75
Q

Why is there a need to renew and redevelop in cities?

A

Factors like the age of buildings in the area, the use of buildings, planning regulations and possible future plans for the area can lead to urban decay in the inner city. This decline has been noted and in many cities the problem is being resolved by the introduction of policies of renewal and redevelopment

76
Q

Does land value and use increase/decrease closer to the CBD?

A

Increase

77
Q

Why is land value higher in the CBD?

A
  • In the CBD there is the most demand for land

- Prices are higher as there is a shortage of land

78
Q

Apartments

A
  • Multi unit housing
  • Found close to the city centre
  • Built to maximise space
  • Young professionals
79
Q

Terraced housing

A
  • Line of houses joined together
  • Close to city centre
  • No front garden, doors open onto street
80
Q

Semi-detached houses

A
  • To houses which share joining wall
  • Outskirts of town or in a housing estate
  • Garden/driveway around them
81
Q

Detached houses

A
  • Individual houses

* Housing estates and outskirts

82
Q

Rush Hour

A

The daily movement of people at specific times during the day. It is a busy time for traffic due to commuters travelling by car

  • 8am to 9am
  • 5pm to 6pm
83
Q

What are the effects of rush hour traffic?

A

~Longer commuting times
~Traffic congestion
~Earlier departure from home to reach work, school etc

84
Q

What are the Solutions to traffic congestion?

A 
○QBCs
○DART
○Tram
○Cycle lanes
○Reducing cars in urban areas
85
Q

What are QBCs?

A

Quality Bus Corridors - > Bus lanes that give priority to buses

86
Q

What could be done to reduce the number of cars in urban areas?

A
  • Pedestrianisation of streets
  • Public Transport
  • Restricted/expensive etc parking
87
Q

What problems are associated with living in cities

A 
~Zones of decline
~Urban sprawl
~Unemployment
~Crime
~Community disruption
~Inadequate infrastructural services
88
Q

Areas in decline

A

May be in poor state of repair or derelict

89
Q

What evidence can you see of areas in decline?

A

Evidence of such an area-greater than boards up buildings, unoccupied buildings or buildings

90
Q

Urban sprawl

A

The spread of an urban area beyond its limits

91
Q

What factors are associated with zones of decline?

A

Failure of businesses, lack of amenities, migration

92
Q

Urban sprawl results in…

A

○Valuable farmland and green belts are taken over by roads and houses
○Smaller towns and villages are absorbed
○Puts pressure on services such as watersupply and sewage

93
Q

What services are lacking in suburban communities?

A

○Education facilities
○Local shops
○An efficient and regular public transport service
○Emergency services, hospitals, fire stations, Gardaí ect
○Community resources, community centres, facilities and health centres

94
Q

How does the widening of two lane roads lead to community disruption?

A

The widening of two lane roads leading out from the city to the outskirts into multilane routeways has split communkities. What was once a close-knit neighbourhood, now has a busy roadway through it

95
Q

How was the building of high-rise buildings like to community disruption?

A

High-rise buildings have isolated families. Apartments are entities within themselves and provide little interaction with neighbours

96
Q

How has the migration of young families lead to community disruption?

A

Migration of young families from the city centre to the suburbs has left some disconnected from family in the city centre

97
Q

Why is the inner-city a location for many unemployed

A

In the past industry, and therefore jobs, were located in the city centre. But today industries are located in the suburbs, therefore the job opportunities are in the suburbs. The jobs in the CBD require skilled personnel. And so the unskilled people are left unemployed

98
Q

The problem of crime has been associated with…

A

… Unemployment, drug abuse and lack of services

99
Q

New town

A

Settlement specifically developed to facilitate the growth of an urban area

100
Q

What are the characteristics of a new town?

A

○Purpose built to accommodate specific population
○Located near a large urban area
○Function is to house the overspill of the city
○New settlers are mainly young families
○Provide industrial estates

101
Q

What initial problems did Tallaght have when it was developed?

A

Young families came to live in the town but there are faced with many problems: there was a lack of a town centre and adequate services and housing was built on all available land

102
Q

What new facilities were built in Tallaght?

A

Town centre, shopping centre, Civic offices, Civic Theatre, Institute of technology and a hospital

103
Q

Urbanisation in the developing world is rapid/slow

A

Rapid

104
Q

What problems does rapid urbanisation in the developing world cause?

A

Congestion, pollution, poverty and slums and a lack of services

105
Q

What is the population of São Paulo

A

19 million

106
Q

What percentage of the population of São Paulo live below the poverty line?

A

34%

107
Q

What problems arise as a result of urbanisation in São Paulo?

A

○Favelas
○Lack of services t
○Traffic congestion
○Pollution

JC Geography (20 decks)

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